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Ayushree
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A farmer, Deepa, was very happy with the harvest of amla (Indian Gooseberry) and lemons on her farm. However, she could sell only one fourth of the produce in the local market. Recognising that a significant amount of produce may be lost post-harvest, she employed a traditional yet scientifically sound method to extend the shelf life of amla and lemons. She turned perishable produce into profitable products, such as pickles and sharbat. She used the excess produce to prepare pickles, murabbas and sharbat by adding appropriate amounts of salt, sugar or jaggery to small pieces of fruit and their juices. These were then stored in small glass bottles for sale, helping her prevent the wastage of post-harvest produce. This shift from farming to agro-processing would strengthen food security and boost the local economy, creating a sustainable model that cuts waste while increasing her income. Based on the above passage answer the following questions: (i) Which scientific concept has the farmer applied in the preservation of the farm produce? (ii) How does the addition of high concentrations of salt and sugar create an environment that prevents the growth of spoilage-causing bacteria and fungi? (iii) Suggest a healthy recipe of this kind for food preservation. (iv) What are the scientific values addressed in this case?

(i) Osmosis concept. (ii) High salt or sugar removes water from microbes, stopping growth. (iii) Lemon pickle or amla murabba. (iv) Scientific thinking, resource management, sustainability and prevention of food wastage.

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Ayushree
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If gametes are formed by mitosis, they will have the same chromosome number as body cells. Fertilisation would double the chromosome number, causing genetic imbalance.

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Ayushree
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Proteins are made in rough ER and lipids in smooth ER. They are modified in Golgi apparatus and transported to the cell membrane through vesicles, forming the membrane.

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Ayushree
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Contact inhibition prevents tumor formation in humans. Plants can develop tumors, but they usually remain localized and do not spread like cancer in animals.

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Virat
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No, cells do not grow forever. They grow, divide, perform functions and eventually die. New cells replace old ones, maintaining balance and proper functioning in the body.

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