(i) Osmosis concept. (ii) High salt or sugar removes water from microbes, stopping growth. (iii) Lemon pickle or amla murabba. (iv) Scientific thinking, resource management, sustainability and prevention of food wastage.
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Proteins are made in rough ER and lipids in smooth ER. They are modified in Golgi apparatus and transported to the cell membrane through vesicles, forming the membrane.
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes, DNA and ribosomes. Mitochondria release energy by respiration, while chloroplasts produce food by photosynthesis. Thus, they are similar in structure but different in function.
(i) Test osmosis effect. (ii) Use equal size and weight carrots, measure weight. (iii) Plain water makes carrot stiff due to water gain; salt solution removes water, making it limp.
Improper mitosis can cause uncontrolled cell division, forming tumours. Faulty meiosis can lead to genetic disorders, abnormal chromosome numbers or reproductive problems in organisms.