Rabindranath Tagore renounced his Knighthood (the title of ‘Sir’) in May 1919, shortly after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. In a stinging letter to the Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford, he stated that “the time has come when badges of honor make our ...
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By 1947, the “Direct Action Day” and subsequent violence had pushed India toward a civil war. Congress leaders like Nehru and Patel realized that a unified India with a weak center and hostile communal pockets was unsustainable. They accepted partition ...
The ‘Red Shirts’ was the popular name for the Khudai Khidmatgar (Servants of God) movement, a non-violent social and political organization in the North-West Frontier Province. Founded by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (Badshah Khan), the members wore red-colored uniforms. They ...
The second split in the Indian National Congress occurred at a special session held in Mumbai in August 1918. This split happened over the differences regarding the Montagu-Chelmsford reform proposals. Moderate leaders like Surendranath Banerjee supported the reforms, while the ...
The Swaraj Party was founded on January 1, 1923, by Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru. It was formed after the suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement, as these leaders advocated for “Council Entry” to disrupt British administration from within the legislative ...