1. Babur's ancestral home and first kingdom was the Fergana Valley, a small but strategic region in Transoxiana, now part of Uzbekistan. As a Timurid Prince (descendant of Timur), he succeeded his father, Umar Shaikh Mirza II, as the Emir of Fergana in 1494 at the tender age of eleven. However, his reiRead more

    Babur’s ancestral home and first kingdom was the Fergana Valley, a small but strategic region in Transoxiana, now part of Uzbekistan. As a Timurid Prince (descendant of Timur), he succeeded his father, Umar Shaikh Mirza II, as the Emir of Fergana in 1494 at the tender age of eleven. However, his reign in Fergana was unstable due to the constant threat from his rival relatives and, most critically, the powerful Uzbeks led by Muhammad Shaybani Khan. After repeated attempts to hold onto Fergana and conquer Samarkand, Babur was ultimately driven out of his homeland, leading him to seek a new kingdom, which he found first in Kabul (1504) and later in India.

    See less
    • 4
  2. Medini Rai was not among those who requested Babur to invade India. The invitations mainly came from Afghan nobles dissatisfied with Ibrahim Lodi’s harsh rule. Daulat Khan Lodi, governor of Punjab and his son Dilawar Khan urged Babur to intervene. Alam Khan Lodi, Ibrahim’s ambitious uncle, also sougRead more

    Medini Rai was not among those who requested Babur to invade India. The invitations mainly came from Afghan nobles dissatisfied with Ibrahim Lodi’s harsh rule. Daulat Khan Lodi, governor of Punjab and his son Dilawar Khan urged Babur to intervene. Alam Khan Lodi, Ibrahim’s ambitious uncle, also sought Babur’s support to claim the throne. Additionally, Rana Sanga of Mewar encouraged Babur’s advance, expecting a joint effort to weaken the Lodi dynasty. Medini Rai, however, was aligned with Rajput interests and later fought Babur; he never invited him. Thus, option (B) is historically correct.

    See less
    • 4
  3. The Buland Darwaza, meaning “Gate of Magnificence,” was constructed by Emperor Akbar in 1575 to commemorate his successful conquest of Gujarat. Built at Fatehpur Sikri, it stands as one of the tallest gateways in the world, rising dramatically above the surrounding complex. The structure combines reRead more

    The Buland Darwaza, meaning “Gate of Magnificence,” was constructed by Emperor Akbar in 1575 to commemorate his successful conquest of Gujarat. Built at Fatehpur Sikri, it stands as one of the tallest gateways in the world, rising dramatically above the surrounding complex. The structure combines red sandstone and marble, reflecting Akbar’s refined architectural taste. Inscribed with Persian calligraphy, the gateway symbolizes his expanding empire and growing political authority. It also marks the entrance to the grand Jama Masjid. Buland Darwaza remains a powerful symbol of Akbar’s military achievements and Mughal architectural brilliance.

    See less
    • 5
  4. Emperor Akbar introduced Din-i-Ilahi (Religion of God) in 1582 as a spiritual and ethical order rather than a strict religion. It combined teachings from Islam, Hinduism, Jainism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism and Sufi philosophy. Akbar aimed to promote harmony among diverse religious communities andRead more

    Emperor Akbar introduced Din-i-Ilahi (Religion of God) in 1582 as a spiritual and ethical order rather than a strict religion. It combined teachings from Islam, Hinduism, Jainism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism and Sufi philosophy. Akbar aimed to promote harmony among diverse religious communities and reduce conflicts in his multi-cultural empire. Followers were expected to practice virtues like kindness, truthfulness, charity and loyalty to the emperor. Only a few nobles, like Birbal, accepted the order, making it limited in scope. Although it faded after Akbar’s death, it symbolized his remarkable religious tolerance and intellectual curiosity.

     

    See less
    • 6
  5. The Second Battle of Panipat, fought on April 5, 1556, was a decisive clash between the Mughal army of young Emperor Akbar—commanded by his regent Bairam Khan—and Hemu, the powerful Hindu general who had declared himself ruler after capturing Delhi and Agra. Hemu entered the battlefield with great cRead more

    The Second Battle of Panipat, fought on April 5, 1556, was a decisive clash between the Mughal army of young Emperor Akbar—commanded by his regent Bairam Khan—and Hemu, the powerful Hindu general who had declared himself ruler after capturing Delhi and Agra. Hemu entered the battlefield with great confidence, but an arrow struck his eye mid-battle, causing the Afghan army to panic. Without leadership, his forces collapsed. The Mughal victory decisively re-established their control over North India. This battle marked the beginning of Akbar’s long and successful reign and ensured the stability of the Mughal Empire.

     

    See less
    • 6