. (i) Some persons and associations opposed this order and filed a number of cases in the courts. (ii) They appealed to the court's to declare the or-der invalid and stop its implementation. (iii) The Supreme Court of India bunched all these cases together. This case was known as 'Indira Sawhney andRead more
. (i) Some persons and associations opposed this order and filed a number of
cases in the courts.
(ii) They appealed to the court’s to declare the or-der invalid and stop its
implementation.
(iii) The Supreme Court of India bunched all these cases together. This case
was known as ‘Indira Sawhney and others Vs Union of India case’.
(iv) Eleven judges of the Supreme Court heard the arguments of both sides.
(v) By a majority, the Supreme Court judges in 1992 declared that this
order of the Government of India was valid.
(vi) At the same time, the Supreme Court asked the government to modif1,.
its original order.
(vii) It said that well-to-do persons among the backward classes should be
excluded from getting the benefit of reservation.
(viii) Accordingly, the Department of Personnel and Training issued another’
Memorandum on September’8, 1993. The dispute thus came to an end
and this policy has been followed since then.
. (i) The President of India in his address to the Parliament announced the intention of the government to implement the recommendations of the Mandal Commission. (ii) On 6 August 1990, the Union Cabinet took a formal decision to implement the recommendations. (iii) Next day, the then Prime MinisterRead more
. (i) The President of India in his address to the Parliament announced the
intention of the government to implement the recommendations of the
Mandal Commission.
(ii) On 6 August 1990, the Union Cabinet took a formal decision to
implement the recommendations.
(iii) Next day, the then Prime Minister V.P Singh informed the Parliament
about this decision through a statement in both the Houses of Parliament.
(iv) The decision of the Cabinet was sent to the Department of Personnel
and Training. The senior officers of the department drafted an older
in line with the Cabinet decision and took the minister’s approval. An
officer signed the order on behalf of the Union government called the
‘Office Memorandum’.
(i) The government of India had appointed the Second Backward classes Commission in 1979. It was headed by B.P Mandal. (ii) Hence, it was popularly called the Mandal Commission. (iii) It was asked to determine the criteria to identify the socially and educationally backward classes in India and recoRead more
(i) The government of India had appointed the Second Backward classes
Commission in 1979. It was headed by B.P Mandal.
(ii) Hence, it was popularly called the Mandal Commission.
(iii) It was asked to determine the criteria to identify the socially and
educationally backward classes in India and recommend steps to be
taken for their advancement.
(iv) The Commission gave a report in 1980 and made many recommendations.
One of these was that 27 per cent of the government jobs to be reserved
for the socially and economically backward classes.
(i) This order announced a major policy decision. (ii) According to this, the Mandal Commission gave a recommendation for 27 per cent of the government jobs to be reserved for the Socially and Economically Backward Classes (SEBC) in India. (ii) SEBC is another name for- all those people who belong tRead more
(i) This order announced a major policy decision.
(ii) According to this, the Mandal Commission gave a recommendation for
27 per cent of the government jobs to be reserved for the Socially and
Economically Backward Classes (SEBC) in India.
(ii) SEBC is another name for- all those people who belong to castes that are
considered backward by the government.
(iv) The benefit of job reservation was till then available only to scheduled
castes and scheduled tribes.
(r,) Now a new third category called SEBC was introduced’ Only persons
who belonged to backward castes were eligible for this quota of 27 pet
cent government jobs. Others could not compete for these jobs.
(i) A judge can be removed only by an impeachment motion passed separately by two-third members of the two Houses of the Parliament. (ii) Similarly, with impeachment, even President of India can be removed. It is passed by both the Houses of Parliament by two-third members majority.
(i) A judge can be removed only by an impeachment motion passed
separately by two-third members of the two Houses of the Parliament.
(ii) Similarly, with impeachment, even President of India can be removed.
It is passed by both the Houses of Parliament by two-third members
majority.
(i) Cabinet is formed by the top-level leaders of the ruling party or parties who are in charge of the major ministries. (ii) Usually the cabinet meets to take decisions in the name of the Council of Ministers. (iii) Cabinet is thus the inner ring of the Council of ministers. It comprises about twenRead more
(i) Cabinet is formed by the top-level leaders of the ruling party or parties
who are in charge of the major ministries.
(ii) Usually the cabinet meets to take decisions in the name of the Council of
Ministers.
(iii) Cabinet is thus the inner ring of the Council of ministers. It comprises about
twenty ministers.
(i) The ministers are usually from the party or the coalition that has the majority in the Lok Sabha. (ii) The Prime Minister is free to choose ministers as long as they are members of Parliament. (iii) Sometimes, a person who is not a member of Parliament can also become a minister. But such a persRead more
(i) The ministers are usually from the party or the coalition that has the
majority in the Lok Sabha.
(ii) The Prime Minister is free to choose ministers as long as they are members
of Parliament.
(iii) Sometimes, a person who is not a member of Parliament can also become
a minister. But such a person has to get elected to one of the Houses of
Parliament within six months of appointment as minister.
(i) At different levels of any government, we find functionaries who take day-to-day decisions but do not exercise supreme powers on behalf of the people. (ii) All those functionaries are collectively known as executive. (iii) They are called executive because they are in charge of the 'execution' oRead more
(i) At different levels of any government, we find functionaries who take
day-to-day decisions but do not exercise supreme powers on behalf of
the people.
(ii) All those functionaries are collectively known as executive.
(iii) They are called executive because they are in charge of the ‘execution’ of
the policies of the government.
Thus, when we talk about ‘the government’ we usually mean ‘executive’.
(i) It might appear that the Rajya Sabha has more power, for it is called 'Upper Chamber' and the Lok Sabha the 'Lower Chamber'. (ii) But this does not mean that Rajya Sabha is more powerful than Lok Sabha. This is just an old style of speaking and not the language used in our constitution. (iii) OuRead more
(i) It might appear that the Rajya Sabha has more power, for it is called
‘Upper Chamber’ and the Lok Sabha the ‘Lower Chamber’.
(ii) But this does not mean that Rajya Sabha is more powerful than Lok
Sabha. This is just an old style of speaking and not the language used in
our constitution.
(iii) Our constitution does give the Rajya Sabha some special powers over
the states. But on most of the matters the Lok Sabha exercises supreme
power.
(i) In recent years, the courts have given several judgements and directives to protect public interest and human rights. (ii) Anyone can approach the courts, if public interest is hurt by the actions of the government. This is called Public Interest Litigation. (iii) The courts intervene to preventRead more
(i) In recent years, the courts have given several judgements and directives
to protect public interest and human rights.
(ii) Anyone can approach the courts, if public interest is hurt by the actions
of the government. This is called Public Interest Litigation.
(iii) The courts intervene to prevent the misuse of the government’s power
to make decisions. They check malpractices on the part of the public
officials.
Who resolved the dispute of the Mandal Commission? How did it materialise later on?
. (i) Some persons and associations opposed this order and filed a number of cases in the courts. (ii) They appealed to the court's to declare the or-der invalid and stop its implementation. (iii) The Supreme Court of India bunched all these cases together. This case was known as 'Indira Sawhney andRead more
. (i) Some persons and associations opposed this order and filed a number of
See lesscases in the courts.
(ii) They appealed to the court’s to declare the or-der invalid and stop its
implementation.
(iii) The Supreme Court of India bunched all these cases together. This case
was known as ‘Indira Sawhney and others Vs Union of India case’.
(iv) Eleven judges of the Supreme Court heard the arguments of both sides.
(v) By a majority, the Supreme Court judges in 1992 declared that this
order of the Government of India was valid.
(vi) At the same time, the Supreme Court asked the government to modif1,.
its original order.
(vii) It said that well-to-do persons among the backward classes should be
excluded from getting the benefit of reservation.
(viii) Accordingly, the Department of Personnel and Training issued another’
Memorandum on September’8, 1993. The dispute thus came to an end
and this policy has been followed since then.
What developments took place after the recommendations of the Mandal Commission?
. (i) The President of India in his address to the Parliament announced the intention of the government to implement the recommendations of the Mandal Commission. (ii) On 6 August 1990, the Union Cabinet took a formal decision to implement the recommendations. (iii) Next day, the then Prime MinisterRead more
. (i) The President of India in his address to the Parliament announced the
See lessintention of the government to implement the recommendations of the
Mandal Commission.
(ii) On 6 August 1990, the Union Cabinet took a formal decision to
implement the recommendations.
(iii) Next day, the then Prime Minister V.P Singh informed the Parliament
about this decision through a statement in both the Houses of Parliament.
(iv) The decision of the Cabinet was sent to the Department of Personnel
and Training. The senior officers of the department drafted an older
in line with the Cabinet decision and took the minister’s approval. An
officer signed the order on behalf of the Union government called the
‘Office Memorandum’.
Why was the Mandal Commission appointed by the Indian government?
(i) The government of India had appointed the Second Backward classes Commission in 1979. It was headed by B.P Mandal. (ii) Hence, it was popularly called the Mandal Commission. (iii) It was asked to determine the criteria to identify the socially and educationally backward classes in India and recoRead more
(i) The government of India had appointed the Second Backward classes
See lessCommission in 1979. It was headed by B.P Mandal.
(ii) Hence, it was popularly called the Mandal Commission.
(iii) It was asked to determine the criteria to identify the socially and
educationally backward classes in India and recommend steps to be
taken for their advancement.
(iv) The Commission gave a report in 1980 and made many recommendations.
One of these was that 27 per cent of the government jobs to be reserved
for the socially and economically backward classes.
What is the ‘Office Memorandum’? Give example.
(i) This order announced a major policy decision. (ii) According to this, the Mandal Commission gave a recommendation for 27 per cent of the government jobs to be reserved for the Socially and Economically Backward Classes (SEBC) in India. (ii) SEBC is another name for- all those people who belong tRead more
(i) This order announced a major policy decision.
See less(ii) According to this, the Mandal Commission gave a recommendation for
27 per cent of the government jobs to be reserved for the Socially and
Economically Backward Classes (SEBC) in India.
(ii) SEBC is another name for- all those people who belong to castes that are
considered backward by the government.
(iv) The benefit of job reservation was till then available only to scheduled
castes and scheduled tribes.
(r,) Now a new third category called SEBC was introduced’ Only persons
who belonged to backward castes were eligible for this quota of 27 pet
cent government jobs. Others could not compete for these jobs.
What is Impeachment Motion?
(i) A judge can be removed only by an impeachment motion passed separately by two-third members of the two Houses of the Parliament. (ii) Similarly, with impeachment, even President of India can be removed. It is passed by both the Houses of Parliament by two-third members majority.
(i) A judge can be removed only by an impeachment motion passed
See lessseparately by two-third members of the two Houses of the Parliament.
(ii) Similarly, with impeachment, even President of India can be removed.
It is passed by both the Houses of Parliament by two-third members
majority.
Who forms the cabinet?
(i) Cabinet is formed by the top-level leaders of the ruling party or parties who are in charge of the major ministries. (ii) Usually the cabinet meets to take decisions in the name of the Council of Ministers. (iii) Cabinet is thus the inner ring of the Council of ministers. It comprises about twenRead more
(i) Cabinet is formed by the top-level leaders of the ruling party or parties
See lesswho are in charge of the major ministries.
(ii) Usually the cabinet meets to take decisions in the name of the Council of
Ministers.
(iii) Cabinet is thus the inner ring of the Council of ministers. It comprises about
twenty ministers.
How are ministers appointed?
(i) The ministers are usually from the party or the coalition that has the majority in the Lok Sabha. (ii) The Prime Minister is free to choose ministers as long as they are members of Parliament. (iii) Sometimes, a person who is not a member of Parliament can also become a minister. But such a persRead more
(i) The ministers are usually from the party or the coalition that has the
See lessmajority in the Lok Sabha.
(ii) The Prime Minister is free to choose ministers as long as they are members
of Parliament.
(iii) Sometimes, a person who is not a member of Parliament can also become
a minister. But such a person has to get elected to one of the Houses of
Parliament within six months of appointment as minister.
What does executive mean?
(i) At different levels of any government, we find functionaries who take day-to-day decisions but do not exercise supreme powers on behalf of the people. (ii) All those functionaries are collectively known as executive. (iii) They are called executive because they are in charge of the 'execution' oRead more
(i) At different levels of any government, we find functionaries who take
See lessday-to-day decisions but do not exercise supreme powers on behalf of
the people.
(ii) All those functionaries are collectively known as executive.
(iii) They are called executive because they are in charge of the ‘execution’ of
the policies of the government.
Thus, when we talk about ‘the government’ we usually mean ‘executive’.
Which of the two Houses is more powerful?
(i) It might appear that the Rajya Sabha has more power, for it is called 'Upper Chamber' and the Lok Sabha the 'Lower Chamber'. (ii) But this does not mean that Rajya Sabha is more powerful than Lok Sabha. This is just an old style of speaking and not the language used in our constitution. (iii) OuRead more
(i) It might appear that the Rajya Sabha has more power, for it is called
See less‘Upper Chamber’ and the Lok Sabha the ‘Lower Chamber’.
(ii) But this does not mean that Rajya Sabha is more powerful than Lok
Sabha. This is just an old style of speaking and not the language used in
our constitution.
(iii) Our constitution does give the Rajya Sabha some special powers over
the states. But on most of the matters the Lok Sabha exercises supreme
power.
What do you understand by Public Interest Litigation?
(i) In recent years, the courts have given several judgements and directives to protect public interest and human rights. (ii) Anyone can approach the courts, if public interest is hurt by the actions of the government. This is called Public Interest Litigation. (iii) The courts intervene to preventRead more
(i) In recent years, the courts have given several judgements and directives
See lessto protect public interest and human rights.
(ii) Anyone can approach the courts, if public interest is hurt by the actions
of the government. This is called Public Interest Litigation.
(iii) The courts intervene to prevent the misuse of the government’s power
to make decisions. They check malpractices on the part of the public
officials.