1. (i) According to a reader from 1850, it was unfair that women had to obey the same laws and pay the same taxes as men, yet were not granted the right to vote or participate in political decisions. (ii) Louise Otto-Peters stated that true liberty cannot be divided. Those who enjoy freedom must also sRead more

    (i) According to a reader from 1850, it was unfair that women had to obey the same laws and pay the same taxes as men, yet were not granted the right to vote or participate in political decisions.

    (ii) Louise Otto-Peters stated that true liberty cannot be divided. Those who enjoy freedom must also support the freedom of others, including women, emphasizing that denying women equal rights contradicts the very idea of liberty.

    (iii) During the 1848 revolutions, a major debate arose in the liberal movement over women’s political rights. Although women took an active part in the struggle, male liberals refused to give them voting rights, creating dissatisfaction among women reformers.

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  2. Coal plays a crucial role in India’s economic and industrial growth. Energy source: Nearly 70% of India’s electricity is generated from coal-based thermal power plants. Industrial use: Coal is essential in steel, cement, and chemical industries as a raw material and energy source. Employment and revRead more

    Coal plays a crucial role in India’s economic and industrial growth.

    • Energy source: Nearly 70% of India’s electricity is generated from coal-based thermal power plants.
    • Industrial use: Coal is essential in steel, cement, and chemical industries as a raw material and energy source.
    • Employment and revenue: Coal mining provides jobs and contributes significantly to government income through taxes and royalties.
    • Transport and infrastructure: It supports railway freight and industrial logistics.
      Being the most abundant fossil fuel in India, coal ensures energy security and supports economic expansion, though its environmental impact highlights the need for sustainable and cleaner energy alternatives.

     

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  3. Resource availability alone cannot ensure progress. Technological development enables scientific use and value addition of natural resources, while institutional changes like proper policies, training, and management systems help in equitable and efficient utilization. Together, they ensure that resRead more

    Resource availability alone cannot ensure progress. Technological development enables scientific use and value addition of natural resources, while institutional changes like proper policies, training, and management systems help in equitable and efficient utilization. Together, they ensure that resource development leads to sustainable economic growth, environmental balance, and improvement in the quality of life for all.

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  4. It is completely wrong to say that plants do not produce any excretory products. However, plants use completely different strategies for excretion than those of the animals. They get rid of these wastes in different manner (any two): i. Oxygen, a photosynthetic waste, is removed through stomata. ii.Read more

    It is completely wrong to say that plants do not produce any excretory products. However, plants use completely different strategies for excretion than those of the animals. They get rid of these wastes in different manner (any two):

    i. Oxygen, a photosynthetic waste, is removed through stomata.

    ii. Excess water is removed by transpiration through stomata.

    iii. Other metabolic wastes are either stored in dead cells, resins and gums or are removed through falling of old leaves.

    iv. Many waste products are stored in cellular vacuoles

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  5. The statement that vultures have the least amount of pesticides is false. In fact, they have the highest concentration due to biological magnification, where toxic substances like pesticides increase as we move up the food chain. The reason, however, is true, as vultures occupy the last trophic leveRead more

    The statement that vultures have the least amount of pesticides is false. In fact, they have the highest concentration due to biological magnification, where toxic substances like pesticides increase as we move up the food chain. The reason, however, is true, as vultures occupy the last trophic level and receive only 10% of energy from the previous level. But this reason doesn’t explain the assertion. Therefore, the correct relationship between the two statements is false assertion and true reason. The correct option is (D).

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