Alberuni visited India during Mahmud Ghaznavi’s rule. A brilliant scholar, he accompanied Mahmud’s campaigns and studied Indian culture, religion, mathematics and sciences. His work Kitab-ul-Hind provides an objective and detailed description of India in the early 11th century. Alberuni’s writings ...
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Firoz Tughlaq introduced welfare-oriented policies, including providing employment to the unemployed. He organised large public works—canals, gardens, buildings—and absorbed many jobless people into these projects. Through state-funded employment schemes, he aimed to reduce social distress and maintain stability. His approach ...
Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388) improved fruit quality by establishing over 1,200 gardens around Delhi, focusing heavily on horticulture. This administrative effort, part of his public works, significantly increased the cultivation and quality of various fruits, such as his favorite, grapes, ...
Firoz Tughlaq is known for maintaining the largest number of slaves, reportedly around 1,80,000. He believed slave labour could assist in administration, construction projects and royal service. These slaves performed various duties, from agriculture to palace work. His policy of ...
After Timur’s devastating invasion of Delhi in 1398, the weakened Tughlaq dynasty collapsed. Power gradually passed to the Sayyid dynasty, founded by Khizr Khan in 1414. The Sayyids ruled as Timur’s nominal representatives but exercised local authority, marking the beginning ...