1. The First Battle of Panipat, fought on April 21, 1526, was a decisive conflict between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi, the last ruler of the Lodi Dynasty. Babur’s forces used superior tactics such as the Ottoman-style Rumi artillery, wagon-laager (Araba) formation and disciplined cavalry. Ibrahim Lodi’s armRead more

    The First Battle of Panipat, fought on April 21, 1526, was a decisive conflict between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi, the last ruler of the Lodi Dynasty. Babur’s forces used superior tactics such as the Ottoman-style Rumi artillery, wagon-laager (Araba) formation and disciplined cavalry. Ibrahim Lodi’s army was large but poorly coordinated. The battle ended with Ibrahim Lodi’s death, marking the fall of the Delhi Sultanate. This victory established Babur as the ruler of Delhi and laid the foundation of the Mughal Empire, which went on to become one of the most influential dynasties in Indian history.

    See less
    • 13
  2. Babur's introduction of the Tulughma policy in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 was a pivotal moment in Indian military history. This strategy, borrowed from the Uzbek and Ottoman military playbook, involved dividing the army into different units, including a flanking detachment (the Tulughma secRead more

    Babur’s introduction of the Tulughma policy in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 was a pivotal moment in Indian military history. This strategy, borrowed from the Uzbek and Ottoman military playbook, involved dividing the army into different units, including a flanking detachment (the Tulughma section) tasked with circling the enemy’s rear and attacking from behind.

    The policy, combined with the strategic placement of artillery (cannons) and musket-carrying infantry shielded by a row of carts (araba), completely neutralized the superior numbers and traditional war elephants of the Delhi Sultanate under Ibrahim Lodi. This tactical brilliance led to a crushing Mughal victory, establishing the foundation of the Mughal Empire in India.

    See less
    • 17
  3. Babur was bestowed with the title 'Qalandar' following his momentous victory in the First Battle of Panipat in April 1526, where he defeated Ibrahim Lodi. The title, which signifies an ascetic or a person so generous they are detached from worldly wealth, was given due to his extraordinary distributRead more

    Babur was bestowed with the title ‘Qalandar’ following his momentous victory in the First Battle of Panipat in April 1526, where he defeated Ibrahim Lodi. The title, which signifies an ascetic or a person so generous they are detached from worldly wealth, was given due to his extraordinary distribution of the immense treasures seized from the defeated Delhi Sultanate.

    He allocated significant portions of the booty to his soldiers and nobles, gave large shares to his relatives, including a diamond (possibly the Koh-i-Noor) and vast sums to his son Humayun and sent generous gifts back to his former domain of Kabul. This act of unparalleled munificence established his fame as the ‘Qalandar’ among his people.

    See less
    • 19
  4. The Grand Trunk Road was constructed by Sher Shah Suri, the founder of the Suri Dynasty. He renovated and expanded ancient routes, creating a well-planned highway stretching from Sonargaon in Bengal to Kabul. Sher Shah built sarais (rest houses), planted shade-giving trees, established milestones (kRead more

    The Grand Trunk Road was constructed by Sher Shah Suri, the founder of the Suri Dynasty. He renovated and expanded ancient routes, creating a well-planned highway stretching from Sonargaon in Bengal to Kabul. Sher Shah built sarais (rest houses), planted shade-giving trees, established milestones (kos-minars) and improved security along the route. The road played a major role in enhancing trade, communication and military movement. It became vital for the Mughal Empire and later for British administration. Sher Shah’s road network reflected his strong administrative vision and remains one of his greatest contributions to Indian infrastructure.

    See less
    • 10
  5. Abul Fazal, one of the Navratnas of Akbar’s court, wrote the Ain-i-Akbari, the third part of the Akbarnama. This monumental work provides detailed information about Akbar’s administration, revenue system, land classification, imperial household, military structure, trade, agriculture and social custRead more

    Abul Fazal, one of the Navratnas of Akbar’s court, wrote the Ain-i-Akbari, the third part of the Akbarnama. This monumental work provides detailed information about Akbar’s administration, revenue system, land classification, imperial household, military structure, trade, agriculture and social customs. It also records information on various religions, literature, art and sciences. Abul Fazal compiled data from officials across the empire, making it a reliable source for understanding Mughal governance. The work highlights Akbar’s tolerant policies, administrative innovations and emphasis on rational governance. It remains one of the greatest historical documents of medieval India.

    See less
    • 21