1. ANSWER: (a) All F₁ seeds are round and yellow. Genotype: RrYy. (b) Gametes from F₁: RY, Ry, rY, ry. F₂ phenotypes and ratio (from a 4×4 Punnett): Round, Yellow = 9/16 Round, Green = 3/16 Wrinkled, Yellow = 3/16 Wrinkled, Green = 1/16 (c) New trait combinations appear in F₂ because of independent assRead more

    ANSWER: (a) All F₁ seeds are round and yellow. Genotype: RrYy.

    (b) Gametes from F₁: RY, Ry, rY, ry.
    F₂ phenotypes and ratio (from a 4×4 Punnett):

    • Round, Yellow = 9/16
    • Round, Green = 3/16
    • Wrinkled, Yellow = 3/16
    • Wrinkled, Green = 1/16

    (c) New trait combinations appear in F₂ because of independent assortment of the two gene pairs during meiosis (alleles for seed shape and seed colour segregate into gametes independently), producing recombinant genotypes and the 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio.

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  2. Acidity or indigestion in adults is mainly caused by excessive secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, irregular eating habits, overeating, or eating too much spicy and oily food. This irritates the stomach lining and causes discomfort.

    Acidity or indigestion in adults is mainly caused by excessive secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, irregular eating habits, overeating, or eating too much spicy and oily food. This irritates the stomach lining and causes discomfort.

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  3. The small intestine is long, highly coiled, and has millions of tiny finger-like projections called villi. Villi increase the surface area for absorption and are richly supplied with blood vessels, which quickly carry absorbed nutrients to the whole body.

    The small intestine is long, highly coiled, and has millions of tiny finger-like projections called villi. Villi increase the surface area for absorption and are richly supplied with blood vessels, which quickly carry absorbed nutrients to the whole body.

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  4. The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice containing enzymes like amylase, trypsin, and lipase that help digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Bile juice, produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder, emulsifies fats into small droplets, making it easier for lipase to act on them for compleRead more

    The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice containing enzymes like amylase, trypsin, and lipase that help digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Bile juice, produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder, emulsifies fats into small droplets, making it easier for lipase to act on them for complete digestion.

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  5. Herbivores like cows and rabbits eat plant food, which is rich in cellulose and hard to digest, so they have a longer small intestine for complete digestion and absorption. Carnivores like tigers and lions eat protein-rich, easily digestible food, so they have a shorter small intestine.

    Herbivores like cows and rabbits eat plant food, which is rich in cellulose and hard to digest, so they have a longer small intestine for complete digestion and absorption. Carnivores like tigers and lions eat protein-rich, easily digestible food, so they have a shorter small intestine.

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