(i) India is a multilingual country with hundreds of languages spoken across regions. To maintain national unity and respect linguistic diversity, the Constitution did not declare any single language as the national language. This prevented conflicts and ensured equal importance for all regional lanRead more
(i) India is a multilingual country with hundreds of languages spoken across regions. To maintain national unity and respect linguistic diversity, the Constitution did not declare any single language as the national language. This prevented conflicts and ensured equal importance for all regional languages.
(ii) 1. Link Language: English helps connect people across different linguistic regions of India.
Administrative Convenience: It is widely used in government offices and higher education.
Global Importance: English connects India with the international community in trade, science and diplomacy.
Neutral Medium: It avoids linguistic dominance of any regional language.
(iii) India’s Policy: India adopted a flexible and respectful approach by recognizing 22 scheduled languages and giving equal importance to all.
Sri Lanka’s Policy: Sri Lanka declared Sinhala as its only official language, neglecting Tamil-speaking minorities.
Result in India: Promoted unity in diversity and peaceful coexistence among linguistic groups.
Result in Sri Lanka: Created tension and conflict between Sinhala and Tamil communities, leading to civil unrest.
Opaque functioning: Most parties do not follow open, transparent procedures for promotions. Ordinary workers have little chance to rise, so talented members become demotivated and party democracy weakens. Favoritism by leaders: Those in power often give preference to close associates or family, creaRead more
Opaque functioning: Most parties do not follow open, transparent procedures for promotions. Ordinary workers have little chance to rise, so talented members become demotivated and party democracy weakens.
Favoritism by leaders: Those in power often give preference to close associates or family, creating unfair advantages and shutting out competent members from leadership roles.
Dynastic succession: Top posts frequently stay within one family. This hereditary transfer of power prevents healthy competition and undermines merit-based leadership selection.
Inexperienced leaders: Because of family or favouritism, persons lacking experience or mass appeal occupy important positions, reducing party effectiveness and public credibility.
Personal loyalty over principles: Loyalty to the leader becomes more important than loyalty to party ideals, stifling internal debate and encouraging unquestioned decisions.
Internal Democracy: Parties must conduct regular internal elections and promote active participation of members in decision-making. This will prevent dominance by a single leader or family and strengthen democratic values within the party. Transparency in Funding: Political parties should disclose aRead more
Internal Democracy:
Parties must conduct regular internal elections and promote active participation of members in decision-making. This will prevent dominance by a single leader or family and strengthen democratic values within the party.
Transparency in Funding:
Political parties should disclose all sources of income and expenditure. Public awareness about donations and election funding can help reduce corruption and misuse of money in politics.
Equal Representation:
Parties should reserve more positions and tickets for women, youth and marginalized communities. This will bring diversity, fairness and fresh perspectives to political leadership.
Legal Regulation:
The Election Commission should monitor the internal functioning of parties and penalize those violating democratic norms or misusing public funds.
Public Participation:
Ordinary citizens and grassroots workers should be encouraged to express their views and contribute to policy-making. This ensures that parties remain connected to real issues of society.
Unequal Wealth Distribution: Rich people and big corporations control most national resources. Poverty and Unemployment: Many citizens still struggle for basic needs like food, shelter and education. Political vs. Economic Equality: Although democracy provides equal voting rights, economic equalityRead more
Unequal Wealth Distribution: Rich people and big corporations control most national resources.
Poverty and Unemployment: Many citizens still struggle for basic needs like food, shelter and education.
Political vs. Economic Equality: Although democracy provides equal voting rights, economic equality is far from achieved.
Need for Reform: Strong welfare policies are needed to reduce this growing gap.
Equal Treatment: The Constitution ensures that all religions are treated equally before the law. No State Religion: India has no official religion; the government remains neutral in religious matters. Fundamental Right: Freedom of religion is guaranteed to every citizen. National Unity: Secularism hRead more
Equal Treatment: The Constitution ensures that all religions are treated equally before the law.
No State Religion: India has no official religion; the government remains neutral in religious matters.
Fundamental Right: Freedom of religion is guaranteed to every citizen.
National Unity: Secularism helps maintain peace, harmony and unity in India’s diverse society.
Read the given text and answer the following questions: A second test for the Indian federation is the language policy. Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language. Hindi was identified as the official language. But Hindi is the mother tongue of only about 40 per cent of Indians. Therefore, there were many safeguards to protect other languages. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognised as Scheduled languages by the Constitution. A candidate in an examination conducted for the Central Government positions may opt to take the examination in any of these languages. States too have their own official languages. Much of the government work takes place in the official language of the concerned state. Unlike Sri Lanka, the leaders of our country adopted a very cautious attitude in spreading the use of Hindi. According to the Constitution, the use of English for official purposes was to stop in 1965. 28. (i) Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language. Why? 28. (ii) Evaluate the importance of continuing English as the official language of India. 28. (iii) State the differences between India and Sri Lanka on the basis of status of language.
(i) India is a multilingual country with hundreds of languages spoken across regions. To maintain national unity and respect linguistic diversity, the Constitution did not declare any single language as the national language. This prevented conflicts and ensured equal importance for all regional lanRead more
(i) India is a multilingual country with hundreds of languages spoken across regions. To maintain national unity and respect linguistic diversity, the Constitution did not declare any single language as the national language. This prevented conflicts and ensured equal importance for all regional languages.
(ii) 1. Link Language: English helps connect people across different linguistic regions of India.
(iii) India’s Policy: India adopted a flexible and respectful approach by recognizing 22 scheduled languages and giving equal importance to all.
Sri Lanka’s Policy: Sri Lanka declared Sinhala as its only official language, neglecting Tamil-speaking minorities.
Result in India: Promoted unity in diversity and peaceful coexistence among linguistic groups.
Result in Sri Lanka: Created tension and conflict between Sinhala and Tamil communities, leading to civil unrest.
See lessAnalyse how the issue of leadership succession poses a challenge to political parties in India.
Opaque functioning: Most parties do not follow open, transparent procedures for promotions. Ordinary workers have little chance to rise, so talented members become demotivated and party democracy weakens. Favoritism by leaders: Those in power often give preference to close associates or family, creaRead more
Opaque functioning: Most parties do not follow open, transparent procedures for promotions. Ordinary workers have little chance to rise, so talented members become demotivated and party democracy weakens.
Favoritism by leaders: Those in power often give preference to close associates or family, creating unfair advantages and shutting out competent members from leadership roles.
Dynastic succession: Top posts frequently stay within one family. This hereditary transfer of power prevents healthy competition and undermines merit-based leadership selection.
Inexperienced leaders: Because of family or favouritism, persons lacking experience or mass appeal occupy important positions, reducing party effectiveness and public credibility.
Personal loyalty over principles: Loyalty to the leader becomes more important than loyalty to party ideals, stifling internal debate and encouraging unquestioned decisions.
See lessSuggest and explain any five ways to reform political parties in India.
Internal Democracy: Parties must conduct regular internal elections and promote active participation of members in decision-making. This will prevent dominance by a single leader or family and strengthen democratic values within the party. Transparency in Funding: Political parties should disclose aRead more
Internal Democracy:
Parties must conduct regular internal elections and promote active participation of members in decision-making. This will prevent dominance by a single leader or family and strengthen democratic values within the party.
Transparency in Funding:
Political parties should disclose all sources of income and expenditure. Public awareness about donations and election funding can help reduce corruption and misuse of money in politics.
Equal Representation:
Parties should reserve more positions and tickets for women, youth and marginalized communities. This will bring diversity, fairness and fresh perspectives to political leadership.
Legal Regulation:
The Election Commission should monitor the internal functioning of parties and penalize those violating democratic norms or misusing public funds.
Public Participation:
See lessOrdinary citizens and grassroots workers should be encouraged to express their views and contribute to policy-making. This ensures that parties remain connected to real issues of society.
“Democracy do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities”. Justify the statement.
Unequal Wealth Distribution: Rich people and big corporations control most national resources. Poverty and Unemployment: Many citizens still struggle for basic needs like food, shelter and education. Political vs. Economic Equality: Although democracy provides equal voting rights, economic equalityRead more
- Unequal Wealth Distribution: Rich people and big corporations control most national resources.
- Poverty and Unemployment: Many citizens still struggle for basic needs like food, shelter and education.
- Political vs. Economic Equality: Although democracy provides equal voting rights, economic equality is far from achieved.
- Need for Reform: Strong welfare policies are needed to reduce this growing gap.
See less“Secularism is not an ideology of some political parties or persons, but it is one of the foundations of our country”. Examine the statement
Equal Treatment: The Constitution ensures that all religions are treated equally before the law. No State Religion: India has no official religion; the government remains neutral in religious matters. Fundamental Right: Freedom of religion is guaranteed to every citizen. National Unity: Secularism hRead more
- Equal Treatment: The Constitution ensures that all religions are treated equally before the law.
- No State Religion: India has no official religion; the government remains neutral in religious matters.
- Fundamental Right: Freedom of religion is guaranteed to every citizen.
- National Unity: Secularism helps maintain peace, harmony and unity in India’s diverse society.
See less