(i) The Dutch first imposed rents on land being cultivated in the forest and then exempted some villages from paying these rents, if they provided free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber. (ii) This system was known as Blandongdiensten system. (iii) Later, instead of rent exemptRead more
(i) The Dutch first imposed rents on land being cultivated in the forest and then exempted some villages from paying these rents, if they provided free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber.
(ii) This system was known as Blandongdiensten system.
(iii) Later, instead of rent exemption forest villagers were given small wages, but their right to cultivate forest land Was restricted.
(i) The Dutch enacted forest laws in Java to restrict villagers' access to forests. (ii) Now wood cutting was done only for specific purposes like making boats, constructing houses under close supervision, etc. (iii) Villagers were punished for grazing cattle, transporting wood without a. permit orRead more
(i) The Dutch enacted forest laws in Java to restrict villagers’ access to forests.
(ii) Now wood cutting was done only for specific purposes like making boats, constructing houses under close supervision, etc.
(iii) Villagers were punished for grazing cattle, transporting wood without a. permit or travelling through forests with horse carts or cattle.
(i) The Kalangs ofJava were skilled forest cutters and they practised shifting cultivation. (ii) They were so valuable that when the kingdom of Java split, the Kalang families were equally divided between two kingdoms. (iii) Without them, it was difficult to harvest teak and build kings' palaces. (iRead more
(i) The Kalangs ofJava were skilled forest cutters and they practised shifting cultivation.
(ii) They were so valuable that when the kingdom of Java split, the Kalang families were equally divided between two kingdoms.
(iii) Without them, it was difficult to harvest teak and build kings’ palaces.
(iv) The Dutch tried to make the Kalangs work under them.
(v) In 1770, the Kalangs resisted by attacking a Dutch fort but they were suppressed.
Ans. (i) The British sent troops to suppress the rebellion. (ii) The adivasi leaders tried to negotiate but the British surrounded their camps and fired on them. (iii) Then they marched through the villages flogging and punishing those who had taken part in the rebellion. (iv) Most villages were desRead more
Ans. (i) The British sent troops to suppress the rebellion.
(ii) The adivasi leaders tried to negotiate but the British surrounded their camps and fired on them.
(iii) Then they marched through the villages flogging and punishing those who had taken part in the rebellion.
(iv) Most villages were deserted as people fled into the jungle out of fear.
(v) The British could regain control over Bastar people in three months.
(i) In 1905, the British put a stop on shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce, which affected the people of Bastar. (ii) Some of the villagers were allowed to stay in the Reserved forests on the condition that they would cut and transport trees and protect the forests from fiRead more
(i) In 1905, the British put a stop on shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce, which affected the people of Bastar.
(ii) Some of the villagers were allowed to stay in the Reserved forests on the condition that they would cut and transport trees and protect the forests from fire for forest department for free.
(iii) People of other villages were displaced without any notice or compensation.
(iv) Villagers had been suffering from increased land rents and demand for free labour by British officials.
(v) The problems were added by the terrible famines of 1899-1900 and 1907-08.
These conditions thus led to a revolt by the people of Bastar.
(i) In Assam, both men and women from forest communities like Santhals and Gonds were recruited to work on tea plantations. (ii) Their wages were low and conditions of work were very bad, rough and tough. (iii) They could not return easily to their home villages, as they were kept as bonded labourerRead more
(i) In Assam, both men and women from forest communities like Santhals and Gonds were recruited to work on tea plantations.
(ii) Their wages were low and conditions of work were very bad, rough and tough.
(iii) They could not return easily to their home villages, as they were kept as bonded labourers who were tied to their landlords.
(i) In India, hunting of tigers and other animals had been part of the culture of the court and nobility from centuries. (ii) Many Mughal paintings show princes and emperors enjoying their hunt. (iii) Under colonial rule, the scale of hunting increased to such an extent that various species became aRead more
(i) In India, hunting of tigers and other animals had been part of the culture of the court and nobility from centuries.
(ii) Many Mughal paintings show princes and emperors enjoying their hunt.
(iii) Under colonial rule, the scale of hunting increased to such an extent that various species became almost extinct
(i) The British government gave many large European trading firms the sole right to trade in the forest products of particular areas. (ii) Grazing and hunting by the local people were restricted. (iii) In this process, many pastoralists and nomadic communities lost their livelihoods. Some of them weRead more
(i) The British government gave many large European trading firms the sole right to trade in the forest products of particular areas.
(ii) Grazing and hunting by the local people were restricted.
(iii) In this process, many pastoralists and nomadic communities lost their livelihoods. Some of them were forced to work in factories, mines and plantations in order to restrict them from entering into forest trade.
An agricultural practice in which different types of crops are grown alternately in the same field in a pre-planned succession is called crop rotation.
An agricultural practice in which different types of crops are grown alternately in the same field in a pre-planned succession is called crop rotation.
What was the Blandongdiensten system?
(i) The Dutch first imposed rents on land being cultivated in the forest and then exempted some villages from paying these rents, if they provided free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber. (ii) This system was known as Blandongdiensten system. (iii) Later, instead of rent exemptRead more
(i) The Dutch first imposed rents on land being cultivated in the forest and then exempted some villages from paying these rents, if they provided free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber.
See less(ii) This system was known as Blandongdiensten system.
(iii) Later, instead of rent exemption forest villagers were given small wages, but their right to cultivate forest land Was restricted.
How were forest laws enacted in Java?
(i) The Dutch enacted forest laws in Java to restrict villagers' access to forests. (ii) Now wood cutting was done only for specific purposes like making boats, constructing houses under close supervision, etc. (iii) Villagers were punished for grazing cattle, transporting wood without a. permit orRead more
(i) The Dutch enacted forest laws in Java to restrict villagers’ access to forests.
See less(ii) Now wood cutting was done only for specific purposes like making boats, constructing houses under close supervision, etc.
(iii) Villagers were punished for grazing cattle, transporting wood without a. permit or travelling through forests with horse carts or cattle.
Give a brief description about the woodcutter community of Java-the Kalangs.
(i) The Kalangs ofJava were skilled forest cutters and they practised shifting cultivation. (ii) They were so valuable that when the kingdom of Java split, the Kalang families were equally divided between two kingdoms. (iii) Without them, it was difficult to harvest teak and build kings' palaces. (iRead more
(i) The Kalangs ofJava were skilled forest cutters and they practised shifting cultivation.
See less(ii) They were so valuable that when the kingdom of Java split, the Kalang families were equally divided between two kingdoms.
(iii) Without them, it was difficult to harvest teak and build kings’ palaces.
(iv) The Dutch tried to make the Kalangs work under them.
(v) In 1770, the Kalangs resisted by attacking a Dutch fort but they were suppressed.
How did the British suppress the revolt of Bastar?
Ans. (i) The British sent troops to suppress the rebellion. (ii) The adivasi leaders tried to negotiate but the British surrounded their camps and fired on them. (iii) Then they marched through the villages flogging and punishing those who had taken part in the rebellion. (iv) Most villages were desRead more
Ans. (i) The British sent troops to suppress the rebellion.
See less(ii) The adivasi leaders tried to negotiate but the British surrounded their camps and fired on them.
(iii) Then they marched through the villages flogging and punishing those who had taken part in the rebellion.
(iv) Most villages were deserted as people fled into the jungle out of fear.
(v) The British could regain control over Bastar people in three months.
What were the main causes of the revolt of Bastar?
(i) In 1905, the British put a stop on shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce, which affected the people of Bastar. (ii) Some of the villagers were allowed to stay in the Reserved forests on the condition that they would cut and transport trees and protect the forests from fiRead more
(i) In 1905, the British put a stop on shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce, which affected the people of Bastar.
See less(ii) Some of the villagers were allowed to stay in the Reserved forests on the condition that they would cut and transport trees and protect the forests from fire for forest department for free.
(iii) People of other villages were displaced without any notice or compensation.
(iv) Villagers had been suffering from increased land rents and demand for free labour by British officials.
(v) The problems were added by the terrible famines of 1899-1900 and 1907-08.
These conditions thus led to a revolt by the people of Bastar.
How did Indian labour suffer at the British hands in the plantations?
(i) In Assam, both men and women from forest communities like Santhals and Gonds were recruited to work on tea plantations. (ii) Their wages were low and conditions of work were very bad, rough and tough. (iii) They could not return easily to their home villages, as they were kept as bonded labourerRead more
(i) In Assam, both men and women from forest communities like Santhals and Gonds were recruited to work on tea plantations.
See less(ii) Their wages were low and conditions of work were very bad, rough and tough.
(iii) They could not return easily to their home villages, as they were kept as bonded labourers who were tied to their landlords.
How did hunting become a big sport for the Indian people?
(i) In India, hunting of tigers and other animals had been part of the culture of the court and nobility from centuries. (ii) Many Mughal paintings show princes and emperors enjoying their hunt. (iii) Under colonial rule, the scale of hunting increased to such an extent that various species became aRead more
(i) In India, hunting of tigers and other animals had been part of the culture of the court and nobility from centuries.
See less(ii) Many Mughal paintings show princes and emperors enjoying their hunt.
(iii) Under colonial rule, the scale of hunting increased to such an extent that various species became almost extinct
In what ways did the British regulate forest trade?
(i) The British government gave many large European trading firms the sole right to trade in the forest products of particular areas. (ii) Grazing and hunting by the local people were restricted. (iii) In this process, many pastoralists and nomadic communities lost their livelihoods. Some of them weRead more
(i) The British government gave many large European trading firms the sole right to trade in the forest products of particular areas.
See less(ii) Grazing and hunting by the local people were restricted.
(iii) In this process, many pastoralists and nomadic communities lost their livelihoods. Some of them were forced to work in factories, mines and plantations in order to restrict them from entering into forest trade.
Define selection.
The sorting out of best individual plant or groups of plants from mixed population is known as selection
The sorting out of best individual plant or groups of plants from mixed population is known as selection
See lessDefine crop rotation.
An agricultural practice in which different types of crops are grown alternately in the same field in a pre-planned succession is called crop rotation.
An agricultural practice in which different types of crops are grown alternately in the same field in a pre-planned succession is called crop rotation.
See less