a) In the 1968 Mexico Olympics the US athletes, Tommie Smith and John Carlos had won the gold and bronze medals of the 200 metres race. They were African-Americans. (b) At the medal ceremony they wore black socks and no shoes to represent Black poverty. Aim:- (c) With this gesture they tried to drawRead more
a) In the 1968 Mexico Olympics the US athletes, Tommie Smith and John Carlos had
won the gold and bronze medals of the 200 metres race. They were African-Americans.
(b) At the medal ceremony they wore black socks and no shoes to represent Black poverty.
Aim:-
(c) With this gesture they tried to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States.
(d) The black-gloved and raised clenched fists were meant to symbolise Black Power.
(e) Peter Norman, an Australian silver medallist, wore a human rights badge on his shirt during the ceremony to show his support to the two Americans.
Consequences:-
(f) (i) The International Olympic Association held Carlos and Smith guilty of violating the Olympic spirit by making a political statement and took their medals back.
(ii) In USA they were criticised for their action.
(iii) In Australia, Norman was not included in the Australian team for the next Olympic.
(iv) As a result of their action, the athletes succeeded in drawing international attention for the Civil Rights Movement.
(v) Later on ‘San Jose State’ University honoured Carlos and Smith, their former students, and installed their statues in the University Campus.
(vi) When Norman died in 2006, Smith and Carlos were pallbearers at his funeral.
The Victorian industrialists were not interested to introduce machines in England and did not want to get rid of hand labour due to the following reasons: (l) Abundance of labour and low wages: There was no shortage of human labour. People had migrated to the cities in large numbers. The wages wereRead more
The Victorian industrialists were not interested to introduce machines in England and did not want to get rid of hand labour due to the following reasons:
(l) Abundance of labour and low wages: There was no shortage of human labour. People had migrated to the cities in large numbers. The wages were also low. On the other hand, machines required huge capital investment.
(ii) Seasonal demand for labour: In some industries such as gas works, breweries, book-binding and printing, the labour required was only for a short period or seasonal. The industrialists preferred hand labour because they could be employed for the season only.
(iii) Production of goods with different shapes by hand only: Uniform and standard goods could be produced by machines but some goods with intricate and specific shapes could be made by hands only. In mid-nineteenth century, there were 500 varieties of hammers and 45 kinds of axes that were being produced. Such goods required human skill and not mechanical technology.
(iv) Preference for handmade goods by the upper classes: In the Victorian age, the upper classes preferred hand made goods to symbolise refinement and class. Handmade goods had good finishing. Machinemade goods were generally exported to the colonies
The historians recognise that the typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century was not a machine operator but the traditional craftsperson and labourer due to the following reasons: (i) Role of traditional industries: Although cotton and metal were the most dynamic industries but the traditional indRead more
The historians recognise that the typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century was not a machine operator but the traditional craftsperson and labourer due to the following reasons:
(i) Role of traditional industries: Although cotton and metal were the most dynamic industries but the traditional industries could not be displaced because a large portion of work even in the textile industries was being done within domestic units. Even at the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced sector.
(ii) Changes in the ‘traditional’ industries: The pace of change in the traditional industries was not set by steam-powered cotton or metal industries. Only ordinary and small innovations became the basis of growth in many non-mechanised sectors such as food processing, building, pottery, glass work, furniture work.
(iii) Technological changes occurred slowly. They did not spread dramatically. It was expensive. The machines often went out of order.
Technological changes occurred slowly in Britain due to the following reasons: (l) It was expensive. (ii) Merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it. (iii) The machines often went out of order and repair was costly. (iv) They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturersRead more
Technological changes occurred slowly in Britain due to the following reasons:
(l) It was expensive.
(ii) Merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it.
(iii) The machines often went out of order and repair was costly.
(iv) They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed. For example, there was no buyer for steam engine for many years. At the beginning of the 19th century there were no more than 321 steam engines all over England. So even the most powerful new technology that enhanced the productivity of labour manifold was slow to be accepted by the industrialists.
(a) The causes for increase in the import of raw cotton were as given below: (l) In the late eighteenth century in England a number of cotton factories has been set up. It was the first symbol of new era too. (ii) There were number of inventions in production process 1.e., carding, twisting and spinRead more
(a) The causes for increase in the import of raw cotton were as given below:
(l) In the late eighteenth century in England a number of cotton factories has been set up. It was the first symbol of new era too.
(ii) There were number of inventions in production process 1.e., carding, twisting and spinning. These changes or inventions enabled each worker to produce more. It- also made possible to produce more stronger threads and yarn.
(iii) Creation of cotton mill: Till then the cloth production was being done within households. Later Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill. Now all the processes r.e., spinning, weaving, dyeing could be done at one place in the mill under one management which enabled careful supervision over the production process. AII these changes increased the import of raw cotton and its production.
(b) Results:
(l) Number of factories increased. It became an intimate part of the English landscape as the imposing new mills were very visible.
(ii) Attention of the people was now drawn to the mills rather than bylanes and the workshops where the production still continued.
(iii) Lancashire became the best cotton-spinning locality in the world.
(a) Proto-industrialisation means the existence of industries before the factory system. This was the early phase of industrialisation in Europe and England when there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. (b) Two functions of guilds: (i) Guilds were associations of prodRead more
(a) Proto-industrialisation means the existence of industries before the factory system. This was the early phase of industrialisation in Europe and England when there was large-scale industrial production for an international market.
(b) Two functions of guilds:
(i) Guilds were associations of producers that trained crafts people.
(ii) They maintained control over production.
(iii) They regulated competition and prices and restricted the entry of people into the trade.
(c) Proto-industrialisation was successful in the countryside in England due to the following reasons:
(i) The peasants had been forced out of village commons due to enclosure movement.
(ii) They now looked for alternative sources of income. When merchants offered advances to produce goods for them peasant households readily agreed. They could continue to cultivate their small plots and supplement their shrinking income from cultivation.
(d) Two economic effects of Industrial Revolution were as given below:
(i) It led to the expansion of trade and commerce.
(ii) It led to the development of factory system which resulted in large-scale production.
(e) The features of proto-industrialisation were as mentioned below:
(l) It was a decentralised system of production.
(ii) Control of production was in the hand of merchants.
(iii) Goods were produced by a vast number of producers working in their family farms.
(iv) Whole of the family was involved.
(v) Each merchant controlled hundred of workers.
(vi) By working for the merchants, workers could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots.
What did the African-American athletes do in order to draw international attention to Black poverty in the Mexico Olympics?
a) In the 1968 Mexico Olympics the US athletes, Tommie Smith and John Carlos had won the gold and bronze medals of the 200 metres race. They were African-Americans. (b) At the medal ceremony they wore black socks and no shoes to represent Black poverty. Aim:- (c) With this gesture they tried to drawRead more
a) In the 1968 Mexico Olympics the US athletes, Tommie Smith and John Carlos had
See lesswon the gold and bronze medals of the 200 metres race. They were African-Americans.
(b) At the medal ceremony they wore black socks and no shoes to represent Black poverty.
Aim:-
(c) With this gesture they tried to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States.
(d) The black-gloved and raised clenched fists were meant to symbolise Black Power.
(e) Peter Norman, an Australian silver medallist, wore a human rights badge on his shirt during the ceremony to show his support to the two Americans.
Consequences:-
(f) (i) The International Olympic Association held Carlos and Smith guilty of violating the Olympic spirit by making a political statement and took their medals back.
(ii) In USA they were criticised for their action.
(iii) In Australia, Norman was not included in the Australian team for the next Olympic.
(iv) As a result of their action, the athletes succeeded in drawing international attention for the Civil Rights Movement.
(v) Later on ‘San Jose State’ University honoured Carlos and Smith, their former students, and installed their statues in the University Campus.
(vi) When Norman died in 2006, Smith and Carlos were pallbearers at his funeral.
Why were the Victorian industrialists not interested to introduce machines in England? Give any four reasons.
The Victorian industrialists were not interested to introduce machines in England and did not want to get rid of hand labour due to the following reasons: (l) Abundance of labour and low wages: There was no shortage of human labour. People had migrated to the cities in large numbers. The wages wereRead more
The Victorian industrialists were not interested to introduce machines in England and did not want to get rid of hand labour due to the following reasons:
(l) Abundance of labour and low wages: There was no shortage of human labour. People had migrated to the cities in large numbers. The wages were also low. On the other hand, machines required huge capital investment.
(ii) Seasonal demand for labour: In some industries such as gas works, breweries, book-binding and printing, the labour required was only for a short period or seasonal. The industrialists preferred hand labour because they could be employed for the season only.
(iii) Production of goods with different shapes by hand only: Uniform and standard goods could be produced by machines but some goods with intricate and specific shapes could be made by hands only. In mid-nineteenth century, there were 500 varieties of hammers and 45 kinds of axes that were being produced. Such goods required human skill and not mechanical technology.
(iv) Preference for handmade goods by the upper classes: In the Victorian age, the upper classes preferred hand made goods to symbolise refinement and class. Handmade goods had good finishing. Machinemade goods were generally exported to the colonies
for more answers vist to:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-10/social-science/
Why do historians agree that the typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century was not a machine operator but the traditional craftsperson and labourer?
The historians recognise that the typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century was not a machine operator but the traditional craftsperson and labourer due to the following reasons: (i) Role of traditional industries: Although cotton and metal were the most dynamic industries but the traditional indRead more
The historians recognise that the typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century was not a machine operator but the traditional craftsperson and labourer due to the following reasons:
(i) Role of traditional industries: Although cotton and metal were the most dynamic industries but the traditional industries could not be displaced because a large portion of work even in the textile industries was being done within domestic units. Even at the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced sector.
(ii) Changes in the ‘traditional’ industries: The pace of change in the traditional industries was not set by steam-powered cotton or metal industries. Only ordinary and small innovations became the basis of growth in many non-mechanised sectors such as food processing, building, pottery, glass work, furniture work.
(iii) Technological changes occurred slowly. They did not spread dramatically. It was expensive. The machines often went out of order.
for more answers vist to:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-10/social-science/
“Technological changes occurred slowly in Britain.” Give three reasons for this.
Technological changes occurred slowly in Britain due to the following reasons: (l) It was expensive. (ii) Merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it. (iii) The machines often went out of order and repair was costly. (iv) They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturersRead more
Technological changes occurred slowly in Britain due to the following reasons:
(l) It was expensive.
(ii) Merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it.
(iii) The machines often went out of order and repair was costly.
(iv) They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed. For example, there was no buyer for steam engine for many years. At the beginning of the 19th century there were no more than 321 steam engines all over England. So even the most powerful new technology that enhanced the productivity of labour manifold was slow to be accepted by the industrialists.
for more answers vist to:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-10/social-science/
What were the causes for increase in the import of raw cotton in the late eighteenth century in Britain? What were its results?
(a) The causes for increase in the import of raw cotton were as given below: (l) In the late eighteenth century in England a number of cotton factories has been set up. It was the first symbol of new era too. (ii) There were number of inventions in production process 1.e., carding, twisting and spinRead more
(a) The causes for increase in the import of raw cotton were as given below:
(l) In the late eighteenth century in England a number of cotton factories has been set up. It was the first symbol of new era too.
(ii) There were number of inventions in production process 1.e., carding, twisting and spinning. These changes or inventions enabled each worker to produce more. It- also made possible to produce more stronger threads and yarn.
(iii) Creation of cotton mill: Till then the cloth production was being done within households. Later Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill. Now all the processes r.e., spinning, weaving, dyeing could be done at one place in the mill under one management which enabled careful supervision over the production process. AII these changes increased the import of raw cotton and its production.
(b) Results:
(l) Number of factories increased. It became an intimate part of the English landscape as the imposing new mills were very visible.
(ii) Attention of the people was now drawn to the mills rather than bylanes and the workshops where the production still continued.
(iii) Lancashire became the best cotton-spinning locality in the world.
for more answers vist to:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-10/social-science/
What is meant by proto-industrialisation? State any two economic effects of the Industrial Revolution.
(a) Proto-industrialisation means the existence of industries before the factory system. This was the early phase of industrialisation in Europe and England when there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. (b) Two functions of guilds: (i) Guilds were associations of prodRead more
(a) Proto-industrialisation means the existence of industries before the factory system. This was the early phase of industrialisation in Europe and England when there was large-scale industrial production for an international market.
See less(b) Two functions of guilds:
(i) Guilds were associations of producers that trained crafts people.
(ii) They maintained control over production.
(iii) They regulated competition and prices and restricted the entry of people into the trade.
(c) Proto-industrialisation was successful in the countryside in England due to the following reasons:
(i) The peasants had been forced out of village commons due to enclosure movement.
(ii) They now looked for alternative sources of income. When merchants offered advances to produce goods for them peasant households readily agreed. They could continue to cultivate their small plots and supplement their shrinking income from cultivation.
(d) Two economic effects of Industrial Revolution were as given below:
(i) It led to the expansion of trade and commerce.
(ii) It led to the development of factory system which resulted in large-scale production.
(e) The features of proto-industrialisation were as mentioned below:
(l) It was a decentralised system of production.
(ii) Control of production was in the hand of merchants.
(iii) Goods were produced by a vast number of producers working in their family farms.
(iv) Whole of the family was involved.
(v) Each merchant controlled hundred of workers.
(vi) By working for the merchants, workers could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots.