(i) Since the new boundaries between India and Pakistan were drawn, it stopped their- movement. So they started looking for new places to go. In recent years, they have been migrating to Haryana where sheep can graze on the agricultural fields after the harvests are cut. (ii) Over the years, some riRead more
(i) Since the new boundaries between India and Pakistan were drawn, it stopped their- movement. So they started looking for new places to go. In recent years, they have been migrating to Haryana where sheep can graze on the agricultural fields after the harvests are cut.
(ii) Over the years, some richer pastoralists began buying land and settling down, giving up their nomadic life. Some became settled peasants, while others became traders. When Pastoralists lost their cattle and sheep, they started working on the fields in small towns’
(iii) when pastureland was closed to them in one place, they changed the direction of their movement, reduced the size of the herd and combined their pastoral activity with other activities to supplement their income and adapted to the changes in the modern world’
(i) When glazing lands were taken over and turned into cultivated fields, the available area of pastureland declined. Due to reservation of forests, cattle herders could no longer freely let their- cattle graze in the forests. (ii) As pasturelands disappeared under the plough, the existing animal stRead more
(i) When glazing lands were taken over and turned into cultivated fields, the available area of pastureland declined. Due to reservation of forests, cattle herders could no longer freely let their- cattle graze in the forests.
(ii) As pasturelands disappeared under the plough, the existing animal stock had to feed on whatever grazing land remained. This led to continuous intensive grazing of these pastures, which did not allow time for the natural restoration of vegetation growth.
(iii) This ultimately led to shortage of forests for animals and deterioration of animal stock. Underfed cattle died in large numbers during scarcities and famines.
(i) Thx was imposed on land, canal water, salt, trade goods and even on animals. (ii) Pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed on the pastures. (iii) The light to collect the tax was auctioned out to contractors. These contractors tried to extract as high a tax as they could, to recovRead more
(i) Thx was imposed on land, canal water, salt, trade goods and even on
animals.
(ii) Pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed on the pastures.
(iii) The light to collect the tax was auctioned out to contractors. These contractors tried to extract as high a tax as they could, to recover the money they had paid to the state and earn as much profit as they could within a year.
Later on, governments began collecting taxes directly from the pastoralists.
(i) Once this Act came into force, these communities which were nomadic, now expected to live only in notified village settlements. (ii) They were not allowed to move out without a permit. (iii) The village police was also told to keep a continuous watch on them. By this Act, nomadic tribes learnt tRead more
(i) Once this Act came into force, these communities which were nomadic, now expected to live only in notified village settlements.
(ii) They were not allowed to move out without a permit.
(iii) The village police was also told to keep a continuous watch on them. By this Act, nomadic tribes learnt to live a settled life.
In 1871, the colonial government passed the criminal Tribes Act. (i) The colonial government wanted to rule over a settled population. Such a population was easy to identify and control. (ii) Those who were settled were seen as peaceable and law abiding; and those who were nomadic were considered toRead more
In 1871, the colonial government passed the criminal Tribes Act.
(i) The colonial government wanted to rule over a settled population. Such a population was easy to identify and control.
(ii) Those who were settled were seen as peaceable and law abiding; and those who were nomadic were considered to be criminals.
(iii) By this Act, many communities of craftsmen, traders and pastoralists were classified as criminal tribes.
(i) To, the colonial officials, all uncultivated land appeared to be unproductive. So it was seen as 'wasteland' that had to be brought under cultivation. (ii) so, 'wasteland Rules' were enacted in various parts of the country. By these rules, uncultivated Iands were taken over and given to selectedRead more
(i) To, the colonial officials, all uncultivated land appeared to be unproductive. So it was seen as ‘wasteland’ that had to be brought under cultivation.
(ii) so, ‘wasteland Rules’ were enacted in various parts of the country. By these rules, uncultivated Iands were taken over and given to selected individuals.
(iii) These individuals were granted various concessions and encouraged to settle these lands. Some of them were made headmen of villages to monitor cultivation.
So, the expansion of cultivation meant the decline of pastures for the pastoralists which posed huge problems for them.
(i) They move in the villages of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. (ii) In search of good pastureland for their cattle, they moved over long distances. (iii) They sold plough cattle and other goods to the villagers in exchange for grain and fodder.
(i) They move in the villages of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
(ii) In search of good pastureland for their cattle, they moved over long distances.
(iii) They sold plough cattle and other goods to the villagers in exchange for grain and fodder.
(i) Pastoralist tribes such as the Gollas herded cattle, while the Kurumas and the Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sold woven blankets. (ii) They lived near the woods, cultivated small patches of land, engaged in a variety of petty trades and took care of their herds. (iii) In the dry season, theRead more
(i) Pastoralist tribes such as the Gollas herded cattle, while the Kurumas and the Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sold woven blankets.
(ii) They lived near the woods, cultivated small patches of land, engaged in a variety of petty trades and took care of their herds.
(iii) In the dry season, they moved to the coastal tracts and left when the rain came. So, their seasonal rhythm was during the monsoons and the dry season.
(i) The Guijar cattle herders came down to the dry forests of the bhabar in winter and went up to high meadows-the bugyals, in summer. (ii) Many of them were originally from Jammu and came to the UP hills in the 19th century in search of good pastures' (iii) This pattern of cyclical movement betweenRead more
(i) The Guijar cattle herders came down to the dry forests of the bhabar in winter and went up to high meadows-the bugyals, in summer.
(ii) Many of them were originally from Jammu and came to the UP hills in the 19th century in search of good pastures’
(iii) This pattern of cyclical movement between summer and winter-pastures was typical of many pastoral communities of the Himalayas.
(i) They spent their winter in the low hills of the Shiwalik range, grazing their flock in the scrub forests. (ii) By April, they moved north and spent the summer in Lahul and Spiti. (iii) When the snow melted and the high passes rvere clear-, many of them moved to higher mountain meadows. (iv) By SRead more
(i) They spent their winter in the low hills of the Shiwalik range, grazing their flock in the scrub forests.
(ii) By April, they moved north and spent the summer in Lahul and Spiti.
(iii) When the snow melted and the high passes rvere clear-, many of them moved to higher mountain meadows.
(iv) By September, they began their return movement and descended with their flock to their winter grazing ground, the Shiwalik hills.
How did the pastoralists react to the changes brought about by colonial rule?
(i) Since the new boundaries between India and Pakistan were drawn, it stopped their- movement. So they started looking for new places to go. In recent years, they have been migrating to Haryana where sheep can graze on the agricultural fields after the harvests are cut. (ii) Over the years, some riRead more
(i) Since the new boundaries between India and Pakistan were drawn, it stopped their- movement. So they started looking for new places to go. In recent years, they have been migrating to Haryana where sheep can graze on the agricultural fields after the harvests are cut.
See less(ii) Over the years, some richer pastoralists began buying land and settling down, giving up their nomadic life. Some became settled peasants, while others became traders. When Pastoralists lost their cattle and sheep, they started working on the fields in small towns’
(iii) when pastureland was closed to them in one place, they changed the direction of their movement, reduced the size of the herd and combined their pastoral activity with other activities to supplement their income and adapted to the changes in the modern world’
How did the changes brought about by colonial rule affect the lives of pastoralists?
(i) When glazing lands were taken over and turned into cultivated fields, the available area of pastureland declined. Due to reservation of forests, cattle herders could no longer freely let their- cattle graze in the forests. (ii) As pasturelands disappeared under the plough, the existing animal stRead more
(i) When glazing lands were taken over and turned into cultivated fields, the available area of pastureland declined. Due to reservation of forests, cattle herders could no longer freely let their- cattle graze in the forests.
See less(ii) As pasturelands disappeared under the plough, the existing animal stock had to feed on whatever grazing land remained. This led to continuous intensive grazing of these pastures, which did not allow time for the natural restoration of vegetation growth.
(iii) This ultimately led to shortage of forests for animals and deterioration of animal stock. Underfed cattle died in large numbers during scarcities and famines.
How were taxes collected by the British from the pastoralists?
(i) Thx was imposed on land, canal water, salt, trade goods and even on animals. (ii) Pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed on the pastures. (iii) The light to collect the tax was auctioned out to contractors. These contractors tried to extract as high a tax as they could, to recovRead more
(i) Thx was imposed on land, canal water, salt, trade goods and even on
See lessanimals.
(ii) Pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed on the pastures.
(iii) The light to collect the tax was auctioned out to contractors. These contractors tried to extract as high a tax as they could, to recover the money they had paid to the state and earn as much profit as they could within a year.
Later on, governments began collecting taxes directly from the pastoralists.
How were the criminal tribes controlled by the British government?
(i) Once this Act came into force, these communities which were nomadic, now expected to live only in notified village settlements. (ii) They were not allowed to move out without a permit. (iii) The village police was also told to keep a continuous watch on them. By this Act, nomadic tribes learnt tRead more
(i) Once this Act came into force, these communities which were nomadic, now expected to live only in notified village settlements.
See less(ii) They were not allowed to move out without a permit.
(iii) The village police was also told to keep a continuous watch on them. By this Act, nomadic tribes learnt to live a settled life.
Why did the colonial government in India pass the Criminal Tribes Act?
In 1871, the colonial government passed the criminal Tribes Act. (i) The colonial government wanted to rule over a settled population. Such a population was easy to identify and control. (ii) Those who were settled were seen as peaceable and law abiding; and those who were nomadic were considered toRead more
In 1871, the colonial government passed the criminal Tribes Act.
See less(i) The colonial government wanted to rule over a settled population. Such a population was easy to identify and control.
(ii) Those who were settled were seen as peaceable and law abiding; and those who were nomadic were considered to be criminals.
(iii) By this Act, many communities of craftsmen, traders and pastoralists were classified as criminal tribes.
How were ”Wasteland Rules’ enacted?
(i) To, the colonial officials, all uncultivated land appeared to be unproductive. So it was seen as 'wasteland' that had to be brought under cultivation. (ii) so, 'wasteland Rules' were enacted in various parts of the country. By these rules, uncultivated Iands were taken over and given to selectedRead more
(i) To, the colonial officials, all uncultivated land appeared to be unproductive. So it was seen as ‘wasteland’ that had to be brought under cultivation.
See less(ii) so, ‘wasteland Rules’ were enacted in various parts of the country. By these rules, uncultivated Iands were taken over and given to selected individuals.
(iii) These individuals were granted various concessions and encouraged to settle these lands. Some of them were made headmen of villages to monitor cultivation.
So, the expansion of cultivation meant the decline of pastures for the pastoralists which posed huge problems for them.
What do you know about the Banjaras of North India?
(i) They move in the villages of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. (ii) In search of good pastureland for their cattle, they moved over long distances. (iii) They sold plough cattle and other goods to the villagers in exchange for grain and fodder.
(i) They move in the villages of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
See less(ii) In search of good pastureland for their cattle, they moved over long distances.
(iii) They sold plough cattle and other goods to the villagers in exchange for grain and fodder.
Describe the lifestyle of the pastoralists of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
(i) Pastoralist tribes such as the Gollas herded cattle, while the Kurumas and the Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sold woven blankets. (ii) They lived near the woods, cultivated small patches of land, engaged in a variety of petty trades and took care of their herds. (iii) In the dry season, theRead more
(i) Pastoralist tribes such as the Gollas herded cattle, while the Kurumas and the Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sold woven blankets.
See less(ii) They lived near the woods, cultivated small patches of land, engaged in a variety of petty trades and took care of their herds.
(iii) In the dry season, they moved to the coastal tracts and left when the rain came. So, their seasonal rhythm was during the monsoons and the dry season.
How did the Gujjar cattle herders of Garhwal and Kumaon go in search for pastures?
(i) The Guijar cattle herders came down to the dry forests of the bhabar in winter and went up to high meadows-the bugyals, in summer. (ii) Many of them were originally from Jammu and came to the UP hills in the 19th century in search of good pastures' (iii) This pattern of cyclical movement betweenRead more
(i) The Guijar cattle herders came down to the dry forests of the bhabar in winter and went up to high meadows-the bugyals, in summer.
See less(ii) Many of them were originally from Jammu and came to the UP hills in the 19th century in search of good pastures’
(iii) This pattern of cyclical movement between summer and winter-pastures was typical of many pastoral communities of the Himalayas.
Describe the seasonal movement of Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh.
(i) They spent their winter in the low hills of the Shiwalik range, grazing their flock in the scrub forests. (ii) By April, they moved north and spent the summer in Lahul and Spiti. (iii) When the snow melted and the high passes rvere clear-, many of them moved to higher mountain meadows. (iv) By SRead more
(i) They spent their winter in the low hills of the Shiwalik range, grazing their flock in the scrub forests.
See less(ii) By April, they moved north and spent the summer in Lahul and Spiti.
(iii) When the snow melted and the high passes rvere clear-, many of them moved to higher mountain meadows.
(iv) By September, they began their return movement and descended with their flock to their winter grazing ground, the Shiwalik hills.