(i) Nomads are people who do not live in one place but move from one area to another to earn their living.
(ii) in many parts of India, we can see nomadic pastoralists on the move with their needs of cattle.
(iii) For example Gujjars of Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir, Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh, Gujjars of Garhwal and Kumaon, Dhangars of Maharashtra. etc.

(i) During the 1760s and 1770s, it became common to pitch the ball through the air, rather than roll it along the ground. This gave fern advantages to the bowlers who could now have the options of length, deception through the air and increase the pace. They could now spin or swing the ball that forced the batsmen to master timing and shot selection.
(ii) The curved bat was replaced with the straight one.
(iii) The weight of the ball was limited to between 5¹/² to 5³/⁴ ounces.
(iv) The width of the bat was limited to four inches.
(v) In 1774, the first leg-before law was published.
(vi) A third stump became common.
(vii) By 1780, three days had become the length of a major match.
(viii) The first six-seam cricket ball was created.

(i) Cricket was brought to the colonies like India and West Indies by the British
Officials hut they did not try to spread it because the subjects or people in these colonies were non-white.
(ii) As the playing cricket had become a sign of superior social and racial status, the local people -were discouraged to play cricket which remained dominated by the white plantation owners and their servants.
(iii) At the end of the nineteenth century. the first non-white club was established in the West Indies. Its members were, however, light-skinned mulattos (people of mixed European and African decent). So club cricket remained to be dominated as late as 1930s by the white elites’ However white black people played enormous amount of cricket on beaches. in back allyes and parks.

The centre of gravity in cricket has shifted from the old, Anglo-Australian axis
because in recent years ‘the innovations in cricket technique have mainly come from the practice of sub-continental teams in countries like India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Pakistan has pioneered two great advances in bowling : the ‘doosra’ and the ,reverse swing’. Both skills were developed in response to sub-continental conditions : the doosra to counter aggressive batsmen with heavy modern bats who were threatening to make finger-spin obsolete and ‘reverse swing’ to move the ball in on dusty, unresponsive wickets under clear skies. Initially, both innovations were greeted with great suspicion by countries like Britain and Australia which saw them as an underhanded, illegal bending of the laws of cricket. In time, it
came to be accepted that the laws of cricket could not continue to be framed for British or Australian conditions of play, and they became part of the technique of all bowlers, every-where in the world.

(a) Nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of India. They reported on
colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities. Government’s attempts to censor nationalist criticism provoked militant protest. For example, when Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907′ Bal Gangadhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy about them in his Kesari. He was arrested and this provoked widespread nationalist protests. The vernacular press brought cases of misrule to the notice of the masses.
(b) After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the press changed. Enraged Englishmen demanded a clamp down on the ‘native’ press. As vernacular newspapers became assertively nationalist, the British government pass the Vernacular Press Act ln 1878. It was based on the Irish Press laws. It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernaculars press.