Alauddin Khalji famously believed that a king must place the state above all personal or familial ties. He killed close relatives to secure his throne and curtailed the nobility’s power. Chronicler Ziauddin Barani explicitly notes this principle, reflecting Alauddin’s doctrine ...
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Chand Bibi, a brave and skilled Muslim ruler, belonged to the state of Ahmednagar. She is remembered for defending Ahmednagar fort against Akbar’s Mughal forces. She later negotiated and handed over Berar to Akbar. Her leadership, courage and diplomatic skills ...
Akbar founded the religious order “Din-i-Ilahi” in 1582. It blended elements of Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, Jainism and Zoroastrianism. The aim was to promote unity, tolerance and loyalty among nobles. Although it had very few followers and ended after Akbar’s death, ...
The Second Battle of Panipat (1556) was fought between Akbar’s Mughal forces, led by Bairam Khan and Hemu, the Hindu general who briefly captured Delhi. Though Hemu initially succeeded, he was fatally wounded during the battle. His defeat restored Mughal ...
Ain-i-Akbari was written by Abul Fazal, Akbar’s court historian. It is an administrative and statistical record of Akbar’s empire. The book describes revenue systems, military organization, social customs, religions and imperial departments. It forms the third part of the Akbarnama ...