NCERT Important Questions Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 4
Important NCERT Extra Questions
NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science
Important NCERT Extra Questions
Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism
NCERT Book Extra Questions for Session 2022-2023
CBSE Board and UP Board Others state Board
Explain five features of the Dutch scientific forestry.
Similarities in Colonial Forest Management in Bastar and Java:
1. State Control and Exploitation: Both regions experienced strict colonial control over forests, primarily for economic exploitation.
2. Forest Reservations and Monopolization: Specific forest areas were reserved, granting exclusive access to selected entities or administrators, leading to monopolization of forest resources.
3. Promotion of Commercial Forestry: Colonial powers encouraged commercial forestry and plantation agriculture, altering landscapes for cash crops.
4. Impact on Indigenous Communities: Forest management policies marginalized indigenous communities, disrupting their livelihoods and leading to conflicts and displacement.
5. Infrastructure Development: Investment in infrastructure like railways and roads facilitated transportation and export of forest products, benefiting commercial interests in both regions.
6. Erosion of Traditional Practices: The imposition of colonial policies disregarded traditional forest management practices, eroding indigenous knowledge.
These similarities in colonial forest management practices in Bastar and Java highlight common trends of state control, economic exploitation, and adverse effects on indigenous communities, showcasing recurring patterns in colonial forest policies across different regions.
The similarities between colonial management of the forests in Bastar and in Java are as follows:
Bastar:-
1. Forest Act was enacted in 1865 it amended twice, once in 1878 and then in 1927.
2. Shifting cultivation was banned.
3. Forests were reserved.
4. Hunting and collection of forests produce was banned.
5. Some Village were allowed. to stay on the reserved forests on the conciliation that they worked free for he forest department in cutting and transporting trees and protecting the forests from fires. Subsequently, these came to be known as ‘forest villages’
6. People some village were displaced without any notice or compensation.
7. Colonials management of forests led to rebellion by the people against the reservation as happened in baster in 1910.
8. Colonials government wanted timber for the Railways and urban population. More land was required for tea, coffee and rubber plantation.
Java:-
1. Dutch enacted forest laws in Java, Introduced forest service.
2. They restricted the villagers’ access to forests.
3. Wood could only be cut for specified purposes like making river boats or constructing house and only from specific forests under close supervision.
4. Villagers were punished for grazing cattle in young stands, transporting wood without a permit, or traveling on forest lands with horse-carts or cattle.
5. The Dutch government imposed rents on land being cultivated in the forests.
6. Some village were exempted from rents on land if they worked collectively to provide free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber. Latter instead of rent exemption, forest villagers were given small wages. But their right to cultivate forest land wad restricted
7. There was a widespread movement by the Shaminists against the government policy in the late 19th century onwards.
8. The government needed timber for shipbuilding and railways e.g., in1882, 280,000 sleepers were exported from Java alone.