The reactions of primary and secondary alcohols with HCl require the presence of the catalyst ZnCl₂. The catalyst aids in the conversion of alcohols into alkyl halides in the presence of hydrochloric acid.
How is the reaction of primary and secondary alcohols with HCl facilitated, and what catalyst is required for this reaction?
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The reaction of primary and secondary alcohols with HCl is facilitated through the use of a dehydrating agent, typically zinc chloride (ZnCl₂). The presence of zinc chloride helps in the removal of water formed during the reaction, preventing the reversible hydration of the alkene intermediate and promoting the forward reaction. This facilitates the conversion of alcohols to alkyl chlorides. The zinc chloride serves as a catalyst, aiding in the formation of the carbocation intermediate by promoting the departure of the leaving group. Overall, the combination of HCl and zinc chloride ensures an effective and selective chlorination of alcohols.