Aryl halides exhibit lower reactivity in nucleophilic substitution due to the resonance effect, which imparts partial double bond character to the C—X bond, making bond cleavage more challenging compared to haloalkanes.
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Grignard reactions are carried out in dry ether to avoid even traces of moisture. Moisture reacts with Grignard reagents, leading to the protonation of the carbon-magnesium bond and hindering the desired reactivity. Avoiding moisture is essential to prevent unwanted side ...
The use of DDT was banned in the United States in 1973. DDT’s chemical stability, fat solubility, and slow metabolism in animals led to its accumulation in fatty tissues, causing environmental concerns and contributing to its ban in the U.S., ...
DDT’s global use increased significantly after World War II due to its effectiveness against malaria-spreading mosquitoes and typhus-carrying lice. However, problems emerged in the late 1940s, including the development of insect resistance and high toxicity towards fish.
Paul Muller of Geigy Pharmaceuticals in Switzerland discovered the insecticidal effectiveness of DDT in 1939. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1948 for this discovery.
Freons released into the atmosphere, including those used in refrigeration, eventually reach the stratosphere. In the stratosphere, freons can initiate radical chain reactions that disturb the natural ozone balance, posing a significant environmental concern related to ozone layer depletion.
Freon 12 is manufactured from tetrachloromethane using the Swarts reaction. Freons are widely used in industrial applications for aerosol propellants, refrigeration, and air conditioning.
Freons are chlorofluorocarbon compounds of methane and ethane. They are stable, unreactive, non-toxic, non-corrosive, and easily liquefiable gases. Freon 12 (CCl₂F₂) is a common industrial freon used in refrigeration and air conditioning, produced from tetrachloromethane by the Swarts reaction.
Carbon tetrachloride, when released into the air, rises to the atmosphere and contributes to ozone layer depletion. This depletion is associated with increased human exposure to ultraviolet rays, potentially leading to skin cancer, eye diseases, immune system disorders, and other ...
Exposure to carbon tetrachloride can cause dizziness, light-headedness, nausea, and vomiting, leading to permanent damage to nerve cells. In severe cases, it can result in stupor, coma, unconsciousness, or death. The chemical may also make the heart beat irregularly or ...