Haloarenes undergo electrophilic reactions on the benzene ring, including halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, and Friedel-Crafts reactions.

The resonance effect in aryl halides, where electron pairs on the halogen atom are in conjugation with p-electrons of the ring, imparts partial double bond character to the C—X bond, making bond cleavage difficult and contributing to the lower reactivity ...

Aryl halides have a sp²-hybridized carbon in the C—X bond, which, with a greater s-character, holds the electron pair more tightly than the sp³-hybridized carbon in haloalkanes. The resulting shorter C—X bond in aryl halides makes their nucleophilic substitution reactions ...

The carbon-magnesium bond in Grignard reagents is covalent but highly polar, with carbon pulling electrons from magnesium. Grignard reagents are highly reactive and react with proton sources, such as water and alcohols, to give corresponding hydrocarbons.

Grignard reagents are organo-metallic compounds, specifically alkyl magnesium halides (RMgX). They are prepared by the reaction of haloalkanes with magnesium metal in dry ether.

The Zaitsev rule predicts that pent-2-ene is the major product in the dehydrohalogenation of 2-bromopentane, as it has a greater number of alkyl groups attached to the doubly bonded carbon atoms compared to other potential products.

Russian chemist Alexander Zaitsev formulated the Zaitsev rule in 1875. The rule states that in dehydrohalogenation reactions, the preferred product is the alkene with the greater number of alkyl groups attached to the doubly bonded carbon atoms.

b-Elimination involves the removal of a hydrogen atom from the b-carbon and a halogen atom from the a-carbon in a haloalkane. This process forms an alkene as a product.

The hydrolysis of optically active 2-bromobutane leads to the formation of (±)-butan-2-ol, illustrating racemisation with a mixture of products having the same and opposite configurations.

In SN₁ reactions of optically active alkyl halides, racemisation occurs due to the planar (achiral) nature of the sp² hybridized carbocation intermediate. The nucleophile can attack from either side of the plane, resulting in a mixture of products with the ...