The spectrochemical series is an experimentally determined sequence based on the absorption of light by complexes with various ligands. It provides insights into the ligand’s ability to cause crystal field splitting.

The dx² – y² and dz² orbitals in an octahedral complex experience more repulsion due to their orientation towards ligands, resulting in higher energy. The t₂g orbitals decrease in energy, while the eg orbitals increase by (3/5) ∆₀ and (2/5) ...

Crystal field splitting in an octahedral complex is caused by ligand electron-metal electron repulsions. The energy separation between the higher energy eg set and lower energy t₂g set is denoted by ∆₀, with eg orbitals increasing by (3/5) ∆₀ and ...

Repulsion between metal d orbitals and ligand electrons in an octahedral complex leads to the removal of degeneracy. The dx² – y² and dz² orbitals, pointing toward ligands, experience more repulsion, resulting in higher energy, while dxy, dyz, and dxz ...

The nature of the crystal field influences the pattern of splitting in d orbitals, as the asymmetry created by ligands results in distinct energy levels for the orbitals in coordination complexes.