Carbon compounds, also known as organic compounds, are molecules containing carbon-hydrogen bonds. They form the basis of life and include diverse substances like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
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Gregor Mendel’s cross-breeding experiments with pea plants in the 19th century laid the foundation for modern genetics. His laws of inheritance revealed patterns of genetic transmission, contributing significantly to the understanding of heredity.
A helical coil is a structure formed by winding a flexible material, like a tube or wire, into a spiral shape. It is commonly used in heat exchangers and other fluid systems.
Proteinuria is the presence of excess proteins in urine, indicating potential kidney dysfunction. It can result from various conditions, such as kidney disease or inflammation. Monitoring and addressing underlying causes are crucial.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert sunlight into energy, producing glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water in chloroplasts.
Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures. Structural isomers differ in arrangement, geometric isomers have different spatial arrangements, and stereoisomers have the same connectivity but differ in spatial arrangement.
Examples of asexually reproducing species include bacteria (binary fission), plants (runners, bulbs), and some animals (parthenogenesis). Offspring inherit genetic material from a single parent, lacking genetic variation.
Asexual reproduction involves the creation of offspring without the union of gametes. It results in genetically identical or nearly identical offspring to the parent, common in plants, bacteria, and fungi.
Chromosomes are thread-like structures in cells containing DNA. They carry genetic information, determining an organism’s traits. Humans have 23 pairs, with one set inherited from each parent.
Male gamete (sperm) is small, mobile, and contributes genetic material. Female gamete (egg) is larger, non-motile, and provides nutrients. Fusion during fertilization forms a zygote, initiating development.