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Read the given text and answer the following questions: Global pollution is rising due to rapid economic growth, population increases and insufficient environmental management. This poses serious health risks for people and ecosystems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Contributing to these challenges, the global economy relies on deeply intertwined supply chains, sustained by more than 100 billion tons of raw materials entering the system each year. Intensive material consumption depletes natural resources and causes negative environmental impacts at every stage of the product lifecycle. Global waste is expected to increase to 3.4 billion tons by 2050. Pollution of all types hinders development outcomes. Exposure to air pollution, water pollution and hazardous chemicals and wastes like mercury, lead and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) causes debilitating and fatal illnesses, creates harmful living conditions and destroys ecosystems. Pollution undermines sustainable economic growth, exacerbates poverty and inequality in both urban and rural areas and significantly contributes to climate change. Poor people, who cannot afford to protect themselves from the negative impacts of pollution, end up suffering the most. Pollution is the largest environmental cause of disease and premature death. It is estimated to be several times more deaths than from AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria combined. Global health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, are reminders of the strong linkages between environment and health and of the need to address such linkages systematically. 18.1 Why do you think is global waste expected to increase by 2050? 18.2 How do manufacturing industries cause pollution of different types? Explain with examples. 18.3 Is it correct to consider pollution as a possible cause for worsening of the current global trends of poverty and inequality? Justify.

Global waste is expected to increase by 2050 because of rising population, rapid urbanisation, higher consumption, expanding industrial production, and widespread use of disposable products. Limited recycling and poor waste-management systems further add to the growing global waste burden.

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The ratio of employment in the primary sector is high because many people depend on agriculture and related activities, even when less labour is required. This leads to underemployment, where more workers share limited work, reducing productivity and income levels. ...

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Read the given text and answer the following questions: A second test for the Indian federation is the language policy. Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language. Hindi was identified as the official language. But Hindi is the mother tongue of only about 40 per cent of Indians. Therefore, there were many safeguards to protect other languages. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognised as Scheduled languages by the Constitution. A candidate in an examination conducted for the Central Government positions may opt to take the examination in any of these languages. States too have their own official languages. Much of the government work takes place in the official language of the concerned state. Unlike Sri Lanka, the leaders of our country adopted a very cautious attitude in spreading the use of Hindi. According to the Constitution, the use of English for official purposes was to stop in 1965. 28. (i) Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language. Why? 28. (ii) Evaluate the importance of continuing English as the official language of India. 28. (iii) State the differences between India and Sri Lanka on the basis of status of language.

India is a multilingual country with hundreds of languages spoken across regions. To maintain national unity and respect linguistic diversity, the Constitution did not declare any single language as the national language. This prevented conflicts and ensured equal importance for ...

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Leadership succession creates serious challenges: parties lack transparent processes; leaders favour relatives; dynastic rule blocks merit; inexperienced people gain power; and personal loyalty to leaders outweighs commitment to party principles — all weakening internal democracy and public trust.

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Political parties in India can be reformed through internal democracy, transparency in funding, fair representation, strict legal regulation and public involvement. These reforms help in making political parties more accountable, democratic and responsive to the citizens’ needs and expectations.

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