The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II was prevented from entering Delhi by his powerful Wazir Ghaziuddin Imad-ul-Mulk. In 1760, fearing the Wazir’s power and manipulation, Shah Alam II chose to stay in exile rather than return to his capital, where ...
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Sher Shah Suri (then known as Sher Khan) first adopted the modest title of ‘Hazrat-e-Ala’ after his victory at the Battle of Chausa in 1539. This title was a strategic assertion of independence. Following his decisive victory over Humayun in ...
The magnificent Persian epic, ‘Dastan-e-Amir Hamza’ (or Hamzanama), was illustrated under the initial supervision of Mir Sayyid Ali and later completed under Abdus Samad. Commissioned by Emperor Akbar early in his reign, this massive project involved hundreds of large-scale paintings, ...
Madad-i-Maash in the Mughal administration referred to revenue-free land grants given to learned men (ulema), scholars, religious figures and poor or needy persons. These grants were essentially state endowments to support the class of learned or charitable individuals and were ...
In Mughal administration, the Muhtasib was the Officer of Public Morality. Their primary role was to ensure that the general populace adhered to the established norms of Sharia (Islamic law). Their duties included checking weights and measures in markets, ensuring ...