1. The Non-Cooperation Movement was at its peak when news reached Gandhi of the Chauri Chaura tragedy on February 4, 1922. A group of protestors, provoked by police firing, attacked and burned a police outpost. Gandhi, who viewed Satyagraha as a strictly non-violent pursuit, felt that the movement wasRead more

    The Non-Cooperation Movement was at its peak when news reached Gandhi of the Chauri Chaura tragedy on February 4, 1922. A group of protestors, provoked by police firing, attacked and burned a police outpost. Gandhi, who viewed Satyagraha as a strictly non-violent pursuit, felt that the movement was losing its moral character. Despite opposition from leaders like Nehru and C.R. Das, Gandhi unilaterally called off the agitation. He emphasized that he would rather be humiliated than lead a movement that had strayed from the path of truth and non-violence.

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  2. On April 13, 1919, thousands of people gathered in Amritsar's Jallianwala Bagh to protest the arrest of leaders Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal. General Dyer, seeking to strike terror, entered the walled garden with his soldiers and opened fire on the trapped crowd for ten minutes. The brutaRead more

    On April 13, 1919, thousands of people gathered in Amritsar’s Jallianwala Bagh to protest the arrest of leaders Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal. General Dyer, seeking to strike terror, entered the walled garden with his soldiers and opened fire on the trapped crowd for ten minutes. The brutal slaughter of men, women and children shocked the conscience of the world. In protest, Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood. This massacre destroyed Indian faith in British justice and catalyzed the launch of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

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  3. Passed in March 1919, the Rowlatt Act was based on the recommendations of Justice S.A.T. Rowlatt. It gave the colonial administration extraordinary powers to suspend "habeas corpus" and bypass regular judicial procedures for political crimes. Indians condemned it with the slogan "No Dalil, No Vakil,Read more

    Passed in March 1919, the Rowlatt Act was based on the recommendations of Justice S.A.T. Rowlatt. It gave the colonial administration extraordinary powers to suspend “habeas corpus” and bypass regular judicial procedures for political crimes. Indians condemned it with the slogan “No Dalil, No Vakil, No Appeal.” This blatant violation of civil liberties united various sections of Indian society. The resulting mass protests marked the first time Gandhi organized a truly national-level movement, setting the stage for the non-violent struggles that would eventually end British rule.

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  4. Following the massive impact of the Salt Satyagraha, Lord Irwin sought to reach a settlement with Mahatma Gandhi. The resulting Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931 was a significant diplomatic milestone, as it placed the Congress on an equal footing with the British government. While Gandhi secured the releasRead more

    Following the massive impact of the Salt Satyagraha, Lord Irwin sought to reach a settlement with Mahatma Gandhi. The resulting Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931 was a significant diplomatic milestone, as it placed the Congress on an equal footing with the British government. While Gandhi secured the release of thousands of Satyagrahis and the right to peaceful picketing, he was criticized for not securing the commutation of the death sentences for Bhagat Singh and his comrades. The pact paved the way for Gandhi’s journey to London for the Round Table Conference.

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  5. While Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt were arrested for throwing non-lethal bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly, the British government linked Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev to the 1928 killing of officer John Saunders. During their trial, the revolutionaries used the courtroom as a platform toRead more

    While Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt were arrested for throwing non-lethal bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly, the British government linked Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev to the 1928 killing of officer John Saunders. During their trial, the revolutionaries used the courtroom as a platform to spread their socialist and nationalist ideologies. Despite massive public protests and appeals for clemency, they were hanged a day earlier than scheduled. Their supreme sacrifice sparked an unprecedented emotional wave across India, further weakening the moral foundation of British colonial rule in the subcontinent.

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