1. (i) Booth capturing: Supporter-s or hired musclemen of party or a candidate gain physical control of a polling booth and cast false votes by threatening everyone or by preventing genuine voters from reaching the polling booth. (ii) Rigging: Fraud and malpractices indulged by, a parry or candidate toRead more

    (i) Booth capturing: Supporter-s or hired musclemen of party or a candidate gain physical control of a polling booth and cast false votes by threatening everyone or by preventing genuine voters from reaching the polling booth.
    (ii) Rigging: Fraud and malpractices indulged by, a parry or candidate to increase his votes. It includes stuffing ballot boxes by a few ,persons using the votes of other-s; recording multiple votes by the same person; and bribing polling officers to favour a candidate.

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  2. (i) Elections in India are basically free and fair. The party that wins an election and forms government does so because people have chosen it over its rivals. (ii) This may not be true for every constituency. A few candidates may win purely on the basis of money power and unfair means. But the overRead more

    (i) Elections in India are basically free and fair. The party that wins an election and forms government does so because people have chosen it over its rivals.
    (ii) This may not be true for every constituency. A few candidates may win purely on the basis of money power and unfair means. But the over-all verdict of a general election still reflects popular
    preference.
    (iii) There is very few exceptions to this rule in the last fifty years in our country. This is what makes Indian elections democratic.

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  3. (i) One final test of the free and fairness of the elections is in its outcome itself. (ii) If elections are not free or fair, the outcome always favours the powerful. In such a situation, the ruling parties do not lose elections. (iii) Usually the losing party does not accept the outcome of a riggeRead more

    (i) One final test of the free and fairness of the elections is in its outcome itself.
    (ii) If elections are not free or fair, the outcome always favours the powerful. In such a situation, the ruling parties do not lose elections.
    (iii) Usually the losing party does not accept the outcome of a rigged elections.

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  4. (i) The interest of voters in election-related activities has been increasing over the years. (ii) During the 2004 elections, more than one-third voters took part in campaign-related activities. (iii) More than half of the people identified themselves as being close to one or the other political parRead more

    (i) The interest of voters in election-related activities has been increasing over the years.
    (ii) During the 2004 elections, more than one-third voters took part in campaign-related activities.
    (iii) More than half of the people identified themselves as being close to one or the other political party. One out of every seven voters is a member of a political party.

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  5. (i) People's participation in election is usually measured by voters' turnout figure. (ii) Turnout indicates the percentage of eligible voters who actually cast their vote. (iii) Over the last fifty years, the turnout in Europe and North America has declined. In India, the turnout has either remaineRead more

    (i) People’s participation in election is usually measured by voters’ turnout figure.
    (ii) Turnout indicates the percentage of eligible voters who actually cast their vote.
    (iii) Over the last fifty years, the turnout in Europe and North America has declined. In India, the turnout has either remained stable or actually gone up.

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