Unidentate ligands, like Cl⁻ or H₂O, bind through a single donor atom. Didentate ligands, such as ethane-1,2-diamine or oxalate, bind through two donor atoms. Polydentate ligands, like N(CH₂CH₂NH₂)₃, have several donor atoms in a single ligand.

Acidified permanganate solution acts as a powerful oxidizing agent, converting oxalates to carbon dioxide, iron(II) to iron(III), nitrites to nitrates, and iodides to free iodine through oxidation reactions.

Manganate and permanganate ions adopt tetrahedral geometry, with p-bonding occurring through the overlap of p orbitals of oxygen with d orbitals of manganese. The paramagnetism of green manganate arises from one unpaired electron, while permanganate is diamagnetic due to the ...

Manganese compounds exhibit intense color and diamagnetism with temperature-dependent weak paramagnetism. The explanation lies in molecular orbital theory, which involves the overlap of p orbitals of oxygen with d orbitals of manganese.

Industrial alloys include brass (copper-zinc) and bronze (copper-tin), where transition metals combine with non-transition metals. These alloys, such as brass and bronze, are of considerable importance in various industrial applications.