1. (i) Political Executive: one what is elected by the people for a specific period is called the 'political executive'. Political leaders who take big decisions fall in this category. (ii) Permanent Executive: In this category, people are appointed on a long term basis. This is called the permanent exRead more

    (i) Political Executive: one what is elected by the people for a specific
    period is called the ‘political executive’. Political leaders who take big
    decisions fall in this category.
    (ii) Permanent Executive: In this category, people are appointed on a long term basis. This is called the permanent executive or civil services. They
    are the civil servants. They remain in office even when the ruling party
    changes. These officers work under ministers and assist them in carrying
    out the day-to-day administration.

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  2. (i) Any ordinary law needs to be passed by both the Houses. But if there is a difference between the two Houses, the final decision is taken in a joint session. However, since the number of members in the Lok Sabha are more; their view or decision is more likely to prevail. (ii) The Lok Sabha exerciRead more

    (i) Any ordinary law needs to be passed by both the Houses. But if there is
    a difference between the two Houses, the final decision is taken in a joint
    session. However, since the number of members in the Lok Sabha are
    more; their view or decision is more likely to prevail.
    (ii) The Lok Sabha exercises more powers in money matters. Once the Lok
    Sabha passes the budget of the government or any other money related
    law, the Rajya Sabha cannot reject it. The Rajya Sabha can delay it only
    by 14 days or can suggest changes in it. The Lok Sabha may or may not
    accept the change.
    (iii) The Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers. If the majority of the
    Lok Sabha members say that they have ‘no confidence in the Council
    of Ministers; all the ministers including the Prime Minister, have to quit.
    The Rajya Sabha does not have this power.

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  3. (i) In India, the Parliament consists of two Houses. (ii) The two Houses are known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha). (iii) The President of India is not a member of Parliament but no Bill can be passed without the assent of the President.

    (i) In India, the Parliament consists of two Houses.
    (ii) The two Houses are known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and
    the House of the People (Lok Sabha).
    (iii) The President of India is not a member of Parliament but no Bill can be
    passed without the assent of the President.

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  4. (i) Institutions involve rules and regulations. This can bind the hands of the leaders. (ii) Institutions involve meetings, committees and routines. This often leads to delays and complications. Therefore, dealing with institutions can be frustrating. (iii) Some of the delays and complications introRead more

    (i) Institutions involve rules and regulations. This can bind the hands of the
    leaders.
    (ii) Institutions involve meetings, committees and routines. This often leads
    to delays and complications. Therefore, dealing with institutions can be
    frustrating.
    (iii) Some of the delays and complications introduced by the institutions are
    very useful. They provide an opportunity for a wider set of people to
    be consulted in any decision-making.
    (iv) Institutions make it difficult to take good decisions very quickly, but they
    also make it equally difficult to rush through a bad decision.

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  5. (i) The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are institutions that take all important policy decisions. (ii) The Civil Servants, who work together $rith the ministers, are responsible for taking steps to implement the ministers' decisions. (iii) The Supreme Court is an institution where disputes: (a) betwRead more

    (i) The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are institutions that take all
    important policy decisions.
    (ii) The Civil Servants, who work together $rith the ministers, are responsible
    for taking steps to implement the ministers’ decisions.
    (iii) The Supreme Court is an institution where disputes: (a) between citizens
    of the country, (b) between citizens and the government, (c) between two
    or more state governments and (d) between union and state governments
    are finally settled.

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