(i) The Supreme Court and High Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution of the country. (ii) They can declare invalid any law of the Legislature, whether at the Union level or state level, if they find that such a law or action is against the Constitution. (iii) Thus, they can determine tRead more
(i) The Supreme Court and High Courts have the power to interpret the
Constitution of the country.
(ii) They can declare invalid any law of the Legislature, whether at the
Union level or state level, if they find that such a law or action is against
the Constitution.
(iii) Thus, they can determine the constitutional validity of any legislation or
action of the executive in the country, when it is challenged before them.
This is known as Judicial Review
(iv) The powers and the independence of the Indian judiciary allows it to act
as the guardian of the Fundamental Rights.
(v) They check malpractices on the part of the public officials. That is why,
the judiciary enjoys a high level of confidence among the people.
Appointment: (i) The judges of the supreme court and High courts are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. (ii) The senior most judge of the Supreme court is usually appointed by the Chief Justice. Removal: (i)Read more
Appointment:
(i) The judges of the supreme court and High courts are appointed by the
President on the advice of the Prime Minister and in consultation with
the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
(ii) The senior most judge of the Supreme court is usually appointed by the
Chief Justice.
Removal:
(i) Once a person is appointed as Judge’ of the Supreme Court or the High
Court, it is nearly impossible to remove him or her from that position. It
is as difficult as removing the President of India.
(ii) A judge can be removed only by an impeachment motion passed separately by
two-third members of the two Houses of the parliament.
(i) All government activities take place in the name of the president. (ii) All laws and major policy decisions of the government are issued in her name. (iii) AII major appointments are made in the name of the President. These include the appointment of the Chief Justice of India, the judges of theRead more
(i) All government activities take place in the name of the president.
(ii) All laws and major policy decisions of the government are issued in her
name.
(iii) AII major appointments are made in the name of the President. These
include the appointment of the Chief Justice of India, the judges of the
Supreme court and High courts of the states, the governors of the
states, the Election Commissioners, and ambassadors to other countries,
etc.
(iv) All international treaties and agreements are made in the name of the
President.
(v) The President is the supreme commander of the defence forces of India.
(i) As political parties have come to play a major role in politics, the Prime Minister controls the Cabinet and the Parliament through the party. (ii) In India, we have a tendency towards the concentration of power s in the hands of the Prime Minister. (iii) The President, who is the executive headRead more
(i) As political parties have come to play a major role in politics, the Prime
Minister controls the Cabinet and the Parliament through the party.
(ii) In India, we have a tendency towards the concentration of power s in the
hands of the Prime Minister.
(iii) The President, who is the executive head of India, also takes decision as
per the advice of the Prime Minister.
(iv) The extent of power wielded by a PM also depends on the personality of
the person holding that position. For example, Indira Gandhi was a very
powerful leader compared to her colleagues in the Cabinet.
(i) Parliamentary democracy in most countries is often known as the Cabinet form of government. (ii) The Cabinet works as a team. (iii) The minister-s may have different views and opinions, but everyone has to own up to every decision of the Cabinet. (iv) No minister can openly criticize any decisioRead more
(i) Parliamentary democracy in most countries is often known as the Cabinet
form of government.
(ii) The Cabinet works as a team.
(iii) The minister-s may have different views and opinions, but everyone has
to own up to every decision of the Cabinet.
(iv) No minister can openly criticize any decision of the government even if
it is about another ministry or department.
(v) Every ministry has secretaries who are civil servants. The secretaries
provide the necessary background information to the ministers to take
decisions.
(vi) The Cabinet as a team is assisted by the Cabinet Secretariat. This includes
many senior civil servants who try lo coordinate the working of different
ministries.
(i) The Prime Minister is the most important institution in the country; yet there is no direct election to the post of the Prime Minister' (ii) The President appoints the Prime Minister. He appoints the leader of the majority party or coalition of parties that commands a majority in the Lok Sabha,Read more
(i) The Prime Minister is the most important institution in the country; yet
there is no direct election to the post of the Prime Minister’
(ii) The President appoints the Prime Minister. He appoints the leader of
the majority party or coalition of parties that commands a majority in
the Lok Sabha, as the Prime Minister.
(iii) In case no single party or alliance gets a majority, the President appoints
the per-son who is most likely to secure a majority support.
(iv) The Prime minister does not have a fixed tenure. He continues in power
so long as he remains the leader of the majority party or coalition.
(i) The Parliament is the final authority for making laws in any country. Parliaments all over the world can make laws, change existing laws or abolish existing laws, and make new ones in their place. (ii) Parliaments exercise some control over those who run the government. Those who run the governmRead more
(i) The Parliament is the final authority for making laws in any country.
Parliaments all over the world can make laws, change existing laws or
abolish existing laws, and make new ones in their place.
(ii) Parliaments exercise some control over those who run the government.
Those who run the government can take decisions only as long as they
enjoy the support of the Parliament.
(iii) Parliaments control all the money that governments have. ln most
countries, the public money can be spent only when the Parliament
sanctions it.
. (i) Some persons and associations opposed this order and filed a number of cases in the courts. (ii) They appealed to the court's to declare the or-der invalid and stop its implementation. (iii) The Supreme Court of India bunched all these cases together. This case was known as 'Indira Sawhney andRead more
. (i) Some persons and associations opposed this order and filed a number of
cases in the courts.
(ii) They appealed to the court’s to declare the or-der invalid and stop its
implementation.
(iii) The Supreme Court of India bunched all these cases together. This case
was known as ‘Indira Sawhney and others Vs Union of India case’.
(iv) Eleven judges of the Supreme Court heard the arguments of both sides.
(v) By a majority, the Supreme Court judges in 1992 declared that this
order of the Government of India was valid.
(vi) At the same time, the Supreme Court asked the government to modif1,.
its original order.
(vii) It said that well-to-do persons among the backward classes should be
excluded from getting the benefit of reservation.
(viii) Accordingly, the Department of Personnel and Training issued another’
Memorandum on September’8, 1993. The dispute thus came to an end
and this policy has been followed since then.
. (i) The President of India in his address to the Parliament announced the intention of the government to implement the recommendations of the Mandal Commission. (ii) On 6 August 1990, the Union Cabinet took a formal decision to implement the recommendations. (iii) Next day, the then Prime MinisterRead more
. (i) The President of India in his address to the Parliament announced the
intention of the government to implement the recommendations of the
Mandal Commission.
(ii) On 6 August 1990, the Union Cabinet took a formal decision to
implement the recommendations.
(iii) Next day, the then Prime Minister V.P Singh informed the Parliament
about this decision through a statement in both the Houses of Parliament.
(iv) The decision of the Cabinet was sent to the Department of Personnel
and Training. The senior officers of the department drafted an older
in line with the Cabinet decision and took the minister’s approval. An
officer signed the order on behalf of the Union government called the
‘Office Memorandum’.
(i) The government of India had appointed the Second Backward classes Commission in 1979. It was headed by B.P Mandal. (ii) Hence, it was popularly called the Mandal Commission. (iii) It was asked to determine the criteria to identify the socially and educationally backward classes in India and recoRead more
(i) The government of India had appointed the Second Backward classes
Commission in 1979. It was headed by B.P Mandal.
(ii) Hence, it was popularly called the Mandal Commission.
(iii) It was asked to determine the criteria to identify the socially and
educationally backward classes in India and recommend steps to be
taken for their advancement.
(iv) The Commission gave a report in 1980 and made many recommendations.
One of these was that 27 per cent of the government jobs to be reserved
for the socially and economically backward classes.
What are the powers of the judiciary in India?
(i) The Supreme Court and High Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution of the country. (ii) They can declare invalid any law of the Legislature, whether at the Union level or state level, if they find that such a law or action is against the Constitution. (iii) Thus, they can determine tRead more
(i) The Supreme Court and High Courts have the power to interpret the
See lessConstitution of the country.
(ii) They can declare invalid any law of the Legislature, whether at the
Union level or state level, if they find that such a law or action is against
the Constitution.
(iii) Thus, they can determine the constitutional validity of any legislation or
action of the executive in the country, when it is challenged before them.
This is known as Judicial Review
(iv) The powers and the independence of the Indian judiciary allows it to act
as the guardian of the Fundamental Rights.
(v) They check malpractices on the part of the public officials. That is why,
the judiciary enjoys a high level of confidence among the people.
How are the judges of the Supreme court and High courts appointed and how can a judge be removed?
Appointment: (i) The judges of the supreme court and High courts are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. (ii) The senior most judge of the Supreme court is usually appointed by the Chief Justice. Removal: (i)Read more
Appointment:
See less(i) The judges of the supreme court and High courts are appointed by the
President on the advice of the Prime Minister and in consultation with
the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
(ii) The senior most judge of the Supreme court is usually appointed by the
Chief Justice.
Removal:
(i) Once a person is appointed as Judge’ of the Supreme Court or the High
Court, it is nearly impossible to remove him or her from that position. It
is as difficult as removing the President of India.
(ii) A judge can be removed only by an impeachment motion passed separately by
two-third members of the two Houses of the parliament.
State the powers of the President.
(i) All government activities take place in the name of the president. (ii) All laws and major policy decisions of the government are issued in her name. (iii) AII major appointments are made in the name of the President. These include the appointment of the Chief Justice of India, the judges of theRead more
(i) All government activities take place in the name of the president.
See less(ii) All laws and major policy decisions of the government are issued in her
name.
(iii) AII major appointments are made in the name of the President. These
include the appointment of the Chief Justice of India, the judges of the
Supreme court and High courts of the states, the governors of the
states, the Election Commissioners, and ambassadors to other countries,
etc.
(iv) All international treaties and agreements are made in the name of the
President.
(v) The President is the supreme commander of the defence forces of India.
9. ‘The Prime Minister is the real executive head of our country.’ Elucidate.
(i) As political parties have come to play a major role in politics, the Prime Minister controls the Cabinet and the Parliament through the party. (ii) In India, we have a tendency towards the concentration of power s in the hands of the Prime Minister. (iii) The President, who is the executive headRead more
(i) As political parties have come to play a major role in politics, the Prime
See lessMinister controls the Cabinet and the Parliament through the party.
(ii) In India, we have a tendency towards the concentration of power s in the
hands of the Prime Minister.
(iii) The President, who is the executive head of India, also takes decision as
per the advice of the Prime Minister.
(iv) The extent of power wielded by a PM also depends on the personality of
the person holding that position. For example, Indira Gandhi was a very
powerful leader compared to her colleagues in the Cabinet.
What is the role of the Cabinet Ministers in a democracy?
(i) Parliamentary democracy in most countries is often known as the Cabinet form of government. (ii) The Cabinet works as a team. (iii) The minister-s may have different views and opinions, but everyone has to own up to every decision of the Cabinet. (iv) No minister can openly criticize any decisioRead more
(i) Parliamentary democracy in most countries is often known as the Cabinet
See lessform of government.
(ii) The Cabinet works as a team.
(iii) The minister-s may have different views and opinions, but everyone has
to own up to every decision of the Cabinet.
(iv) No minister can openly criticize any decision of the government even if
it is about another ministry or department.
(v) Every ministry has secretaries who are civil servants. The secretaries
provide the necessary background information to the ministers to take
decisions.
(vi) The Cabinet as a team is assisted by the Cabinet Secretariat. This includes
many senior civil servants who try lo coordinate the working of different
ministries.
How is the Prime Minister elected?
(i) The Prime Minister is the most important institution in the country; yet there is no direct election to the post of the Prime Minister' (ii) The President appoints the Prime Minister. He appoints the leader of the majority party or coalition of parties that commands a majority in the Lok Sabha,Read more
(i) The Prime Minister is the most important institution in the country; yet
See lessthere is no direct election to the post of the Prime Minister’
(ii) The President appoints the Prime Minister. He appoints the leader of
the majority party or coalition of parties that commands a majority in
the Lok Sabha, as the Prime Minister.
(iii) In case no single party or alliance gets a majority, the President appoints
the per-son who is most likely to secure a majority support.
(iv) The Prime minister does not have a fixed tenure. He continues in power
so long as he remains the leader of the majority party or coalition.
What are the main functions of the Parliament?
(i) The Parliament is the final authority for making laws in any country. Parliaments all over the world can make laws, change existing laws or abolish existing laws, and make new ones in their place. (ii) Parliaments exercise some control over those who run the government. Those who run the governmRead more
(i) The Parliament is the final authority for making laws in any country.
See lessParliaments all over the world can make laws, change existing laws or
abolish existing laws, and make new ones in their place.
(ii) Parliaments exercise some control over those who run the government.
Those who run the government can take decisions only as long as they
enjoy the support of the Parliament.
(iii) Parliaments control all the money that governments have. ln most
countries, the public money can be spent only when the Parliament
sanctions it.
Who resolved the dispute of the Mandal Commission? How did it materialise later on?
. (i) Some persons and associations opposed this order and filed a number of cases in the courts. (ii) They appealed to the court's to declare the or-der invalid and stop its implementation. (iii) The Supreme Court of India bunched all these cases together. This case was known as 'Indira Sawhney andRead more
. (i) Some persons and associations opposed this order and filed a number of
See lesscases in the courts.
(ii) They appealed to the court’s to declare the or-der invalid and stop its
implementation.
(iii) The Supreme Court of India bunched all these cases together. This case
was known as ‘Indira Sawhney and others Vs Union of India case’.
(iv) Eleven judges of the Supreme Court heard the arguments of both sides.
(v) By a majority, the Supreme Court judges in 1992 declared that this
order of the Government of India was valid.
(vi) At the same time, the Supreme Court asked the government to modif1,.
its original order.
(vii) It said that well-to-do persons among the backward classes should be
excluded from getting the benefit of reservation.
(viii) Accordingly, the Department of Personnel and Training issued another’
Memorandum on September’8, 1993. The dispute thus came to an end
and this policy has been followed since then.
What developments took place after the recommendations of the Mandal Commission?
. (i) The President of India in his address to the Parliament announced the intention of the government to implement the recommendations of the Mandal Commission. (ii) On 6 August 1990, the Union Cabinet took a formal decision to implement the recommendations. (iii) Next day, the then Prime MinisterRead more
. (i) The President of India in his address to the Parliament announced the
See lessintention of the government to implement the recommendations of the
Mandal Commission.
(ii) On 6 August 1990, the Union Cabinet took a formal decision to
implement the recommendations.
(iii) Next day, the then Prime Minister V.P Singh informed the Parliament
about this decision through a statement in both the Houses of Parliament.
(iv) The decision of the Cabinet was sent to the Department of Personnel
and Training. The senior officers of the department drafted an older
in line with the Cabinet decision and took the minister’s approval. An
officer signed the order on behalf of the Union government called the
‘Office Memorandum’.
Why was the Mandal Commission appointed by the Indian government?
(i) The government of India had appointed the Second Backward classes Commission in 1979. It was headed by B.P Mandal. (ii) Hence, it was popularly called the Mandal Commission. (iii) It was asked to determine the criteria to identify the socially and educationally backward classes in India and recoRead more
(i) The government of India had appointed the Second Backward classes
See lessCommission in 1979. It was headed by B.P Mandal.
(ii) Hence, it was popularly called the Mandal Commission.
(iii) It was asked to determine the criteria to identify the socially and
educationally backward classes in India and recommend steps to be
taken for their advancement.
(iv) The Commission gave a report in 1980 and made many recommendations.
One of these was that 27 per cent of the government jobs to be reserved
for the socially and economically backward classes.