The differences between the overlapping difference and cross-cutting difference are as mentioned below: Overlapping difference:- (i) Overlapping difference leads to social divisions. (ii) Overlapping differences are difficult to Accommodate. (iii) There is much difference between two groups e.g., inRead more
The differences between the overlapping difference and cross-cutting difference are as mentioned below:
Overlapping difference:-
(i) Overlapping difference leads to social divisions.
(ii) Overlapping differences are difficult to Accommodate.
(iii) There is much difference between two groups e.g., in the US, Blacks are poor, homeless and discriminated. In India, Dalits are poor and landless.
cross-cutting difference:-
(i) It is difficult to pit one group of people against the other because different groups share a common interest on one issue but are likely to be on different sides on different issues’
(ii) Cross-cutting differences are easier to accumulate.
(iii) There is no difference between two groups e.g., in Netherlands Catholics and Protestants are equally poor as well as rich.
It is true that a person has more than one identity and can belong to more than one social group' For example, there are people of different communities in every religion. A person may be a Hindu, belonging to upper caste or lower caste, rich or poor, a labourer or a landlord, literate or illiterateRead more
It is true that a person has more than one identity and can belong to more than one social group’ For example, there are people of different communities in every religion. A person may be a Hindu, belonging to upper caste or lower caste, rich or poor, a labourer or a landlord, literate or illiterate. It is also possible that people from different religions may have the same caste and feel close to each-other. Thus a person has more than one identity and can belong to more than one social group.
All of us have identities in different contexts e.g., at home, in school, in the city, nation and internationally. For example at home you could be a son, in school a student, in city a resident of your colony and so on. A person has an identity by birth i.e., female, tall and dark but is urban if he lives in a city’ Therefore, different identities are possible in different contexts.
Even before setting up of the factories, there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. It is known as proto-industrialisation. It was a part of a network of commercial exchanges. Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly inRead more
Even before setting up of the factories, there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. It is known as proto-industrialisation. It was a part of a network of commercial exchanges. Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside. It was controlled by merchants. The goods were produced by a vast number of producers working within their family farms, not in factories. At each stage of production 20 to 25 workers were employed by each merchant. Thus, each clothier was controlling hundreds of workers.
The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India. After establishing its political power in India, East India Company went a step further i.e., to establish a monopoly right to trade. The company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth traRead more
The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India. After establishing its political power in India, East India Company went a step further i.e., to establish a monopoly right to trade. The company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weavers. It, therefore, appointed gomastha, a paid servant to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth. The weavers, who had taken advances from the company, had to handover the cloth they produced to the gomastha. The gomasthas did a good job for the Company but the condition of weavers became worse because they did not receive good price from the Company and the loans tied them to the Company. They could not sell cloth to other buyers.
The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century. Before the industrialisation, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Sea-trade operated through the main-pre-colonial ports, such as Surat which connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports. HRead more
The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century. Before the industrialisation, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Sea-trade operated through the main-pre-colonial ports, such as Surat which connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports. However, as the European companies gained power, the old ports like Surat declined because the European companies had made Bombay and Calcutta the centers of their trade activities. The trade of the European companies was carried out in European ships. This resulted in the collapse of many of the old trading houses. Exports from
Surat fell dramatically. In the last years of the seventeenth century, the gross value of trade that passed through Surat had been ₹16 million by the 1740s it declined to ₹3 million.
In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages. As a result of expansion of world trade and acquisition of colonies demand for goods had increased significantly. The merchants, however, could not increase production in towns as thRead more
In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages. As a result of expansion of world trade and acquisition of colonies demand for goods had increased significantly. The merchants, however, could not increase production in towns as the urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. They, therefore, turned towards countryside where the conditions were favourable for them because in the countryside, with the disappearance of open fields and enclosure of common lands, the peasants were in search of alternative sources of income. So when merchants came to countryside and offered advances to produce goods for them, peasant households eagerly agreed. It was beneficial for them too because they could remain in the countryside and could also cultivate their small plots of land. It enabled them to use full strength of their families as well
A series of inventions such as Spinning Jenny took place in the eighteenth century. New technology increased production but at the same time there was fear of unemployment as fewer workers could do the same work with the help of machines. This fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduRead more
A series of inventions such as Spinning Jenny took place in the eighteenth century. New technology increased production but at the same time there was fear of unemployment as fewer workers could do the same work with the help of machines. This fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology. That is why when the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woollen industry, women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines. This machine speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand. By timing one single wheel a worker could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time. This conflict over the introduction of Spinning Jenny continued for a long time.
The Vernacular Press Act: The Indian press was bringing lot of information to the notice and knowledge of masses that helped in the awakening of the masses. The vernacular press, had become nationalist. The colonial government in India, therefore, thought of controlling it. Thus, Lord Lytton passedRead more
The Vernacular Press Act: The Indian press was bringing lot of information to the notice and knowledge of masses that helped in the awakening of the masses. The vernacular press, had become nationalist. The colonial government in India, therefore, thought of controlling it. Thus, Lord Lytton passed the Vernacular Press Act in 1878. It was modelled on the Irish Press Laws. It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. This Act was against the freedom of press and the vernacular press was kept under stringent control.
For example, when a newspaper report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned. and if the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery confiscated. But inspite of this repressive measure, the nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of the country. They went on reporting misrule of the British government in India and encouraged nationalist activities.
Erasmus's idea of the printed book: Erasmus was a Latin scholar and a Catholic reformer. He criticised the excesses of Catholicism. He, however, kept his distance from Luther and did not join his movement against the Church. He was worried about printing on a large scale because he thought that someRead more
Erasmus’s idea of the printed book: Erasmus was a Latin scholar and a Catholic
reformer. He criticised the excesses of Catholicism. He, however, kept his distance from Luther and did not join his movement against the Church. He was worried about printing on a large scale because he thought that some of the books might be good in contributing some useful knowledge but most of the books are slanderous, scandalous, raving, irreligious and seditious. Such books are harmful and their number is so large that even valuable books lose their value. So, he was against printing of books.
The Gutenbergi Press: It was invented by Gutenberg by adopting existing technology to design his innovation. He used olive press as a model for the printing press and model were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet. By 1448, he perfected his system. Gutenberg developed meRead more
The Gutenbergi Press: It was invented by Gutenberg by adopting existing
technology to design his innovation. He used olive press as a model for the printing press and model were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet. By 1448, he perfected his system. Gutenberg developed metal types for each of the 26 characters of the Roman alphabet. He devised a way of moving them around so as to compose different words of the text. This came to be known as the moveable type printing machine. It remained the basic print technology over the next 300 years. The Gutenberg Press could print 250 sheets on one side per hour. Bible was the first book that was printed by him. It took three years to print 180- copies but this was fast production at that time.
Every social difference does not lead to social division. ‘Explain the statement.
The differences between the overlapping difference and cross-cutting difference are as mentioned below: Overlapping difference:- (i) Overlapping difference leads to social divisions. (ii) Overlapping differences are difficult to Accommodate. (iii) There is much difference between two groups e.g., inRead more
The differences between the overlapping difference and cross-cutting difference are as mentioned below:
See lessOverlapping difference:-
(i) Overlapping difference leads to social divisions.
(ii) Overlapping differences are difficult to Accommodate.
(iii) There is much difference between two groups e.g., in the US, Blacks are poor, homeless and discriminated. In India, Dalits are poor and landless.
cross-cutting difference:-
(i) It is difficult to pit one group of people against the other because different groups share a common interest on one issue but are likely to be on different sides on different issues’
(ii) Cross-cutting differences are easier to accumulate.
(iii) There is no difference between two groups e.g., in Netherlands Catholics and Protestants are equally poor as well as rich.
Do you agree that a person has more than one identity and can belong to more than one social group? Give example in support of your answer.
It is true that a person has more than one identity and can belong to more than one social group' For example, there are people of different communities in every religion. A person may be a Hindu, belonging to upper caste or lower caste, rich or poor, a labourer or a landlord, literate or illiterateRead more
It is true that a person has more than one identity and can belong to more than one social group’ For example, there are people of different communities in every religion. A person may be a Hindu, belonging to upper caste or lower caste, rich or poor, a labourer or a landlord, literate or illiterate. It is also possible that people from different religions may have the same caste and feel close to each-other. Thus a person has more than one identity and can belong to more than one social group.
See lessAll of us have identities in different contexts e.g., at home, in school, in the city, nation and internationally. For example at home you could be a son, in school a student, in city a resident of your colony and so on. A person has an identity by birth i.e., female, tall and dark but is urban if he lives in a city’ Therefore, different identities are possible in different contexts.
Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation.
Even before setting up of the factories, there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. It is known as proto-industrialisation. It was a part of a network of commercial exchanges. Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly inRead more
Even before setting up of the factories, there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. It is known as proto-industrialisation. It was a part of a network of commercial exchanges. Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside. It was controlled by merchants. The goods were produced by a vast number of producers working within their family farms, not in factories. At each stage of production 20 to 25 workers were employed by each merchant. Thus, each clothier was controlling hundreds of workers.
for more answers vist to:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-10/social-science/
Explain the The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India.
The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India. After establishing its political power in India, East India Company went a step further i.e., to establish a monopoly right to trade. The company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth traRead more
The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India. After establishing its political power in India, East India Company went a step further i.e., to establish a monopoly right to trade. The company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weavers. It, therefore, appointed gomastha, a paid servant to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth. The weavers, who had taken advances from the company, had to handover the cloth they produced to the gomastha. The gomasthas did a good job for the Company but the condition of weavers became worse because they did not receive good price from the Company and the loans tied them to the Company. They could not sell cloth to other buyers.
for more answers vist to:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-10/social-science/
Explain the The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.
The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century. Before the industrialisation, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Sea-trade operated through the main-pre-colonial ports, such as Surat which connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports. HRead more
The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century. Before the industrialisation, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Sea-trade operated through the main-pre-colonial ports, such as Surat which connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports. However, as the European companies gained power, the old ports like Surat declined because the European companies had made Bombay and Calcutta the centers of their trade activities. The trade of the European companies was carried out in European ships. This resulted in the collapse of many of the old trading houses. Exports from
Surat fell dramatically. In the last years of the seventeenth century, the gross value of trade that passed through Surat had been ₹16 million by the 1740s it declined to ₹3 million.
for more answers vist to:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-10/social-science/
Explain the In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages.
In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages. As a result of expansion of world trade and acquisition of colonies demand for goods had increased significantly. The merchants, however, could not increase production in towns as thRead more
In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages. As a result of expansion of world trade and acquisition of colonies demand for goods had increased significantly. The merchants, however, could not increase production in towns as the urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. They, therefore, turned towards countryside where the conditions were favourable for them because in the countryside, with the disappearance of open fields and enclosure of common lands, the peasants were in search of alternative sources of income. So when merchants came to countryside and offered advances to produce goods for them, peasant households eagerly agreed. It was beneficial for them too because they could remain in the countryside and could also cultivate their small plots of land. It enabled them to use full strength of their families as well
for more answers vist to:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-10/social-science/
Explain the Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny.
A series of inventions such as Spinning Jenny took place in the eighteenth century. New technology increased production but at the same time there was fear of unemployment as fewer workers could do the same work with the help of machines. This fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduRead more
A series of inventions such as Spinning Jenny took place in the eighteenth century. New technology increased production but at the same time there was fear of unemployment as fewer workers could do the same work with the help of machines. This fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology. That is why when the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woollen industry, women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines. This machine speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand. By timing one single wheel a worker could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time. This conflict over the introduction of Spinning Jenny continued for a long time.
for more answers vist to:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-10/social-science/
Write short notes to show what you know about: The Vernacular Press Act.
The Vernacular Press Act: The Indian press was bringing lot of information to the notice and knowledge of masses that helped in the awakening of the masses. The vernacular press, had become nationalist. The colonial government in India, therefore, thought of controlling it. Thus, Lord Lytton passedRead more
The Vernacular Press Act: The Indian press was bringing lot of information to the notice and knowledge of masses that helped in the awakening of the masses. The vernacular press, had become nationalist. The colonial government in India, therefore, thought of controlling it. Thus, Lord Lytton passed the Vernacular Press Act in 1878. It was modelled on the Irish Press Laws. It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. This Act was against the freedom of press and the vernacular press was kept under stringent control.
For example, when a newspaper report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned. and if the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery confiscated. But inspite of this repressive measure, the nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of the country. They went on reporting misrule of the British government in India and encouraged nationalist activities.
for more answers vist to:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-10/social-science/
Write short notes to show what you know about: Erasmus’s idea of the printed book.
Erasmus's idea of the printed book: Erasmus was a Latin scholar and a Catholic reformer. He criticised the excesses of Catholicism. He, however, kept his distance from Luther and did not join his movement against the Church. He was worried about printing on a large scale because he thought that someRead more
Erasmus’s idea of the printed book: Erasmus was a Latin scholar and a Catholic
reformer. He criticised the excesses of Catholicism. He, however, kept his distance from Luther and did not join his movement against the Church. He was worried about printing on a large scale because he thought that some of the books might be good in contributing some useful knowledge but most of the books are slanderous, scandalous, raving, irreligious and seditious. Such books are harmful and their number is so large that even valuable books lose their value. So, he was against printing of books.
for more answers vist to:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-10/social-science/
Write short notes to show what you know about: The Gutenberg Press.
The Gutenbergi Press: It was invented by Gutenberg by adopting existing technology to design his innovation. He used olive press as a model for the printing press and model were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet. By 1448, he perfected his system. Gutenberg developed meRead more
The Gutenbergi Press: It was invented by Gutenberg by adopting existing
technology to design his innovation. He used olive press as a model for the printing press and model were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet. By 1448, he perfected his system. Gutenberg developed metal types for each of the 26 characters of the Roman alphabet. He devised a way of moving them around so as to compose different words of the text. This came to be known as the moveable type printing machine. It remained the basic print technology over the next 300 years. The Gutenberg Press could print 250 sheets on one side per hour. Bible was the first book that was printed by him. It took three years to print 180- copies but this was fast production at that time.
for more answers vist to:
See lesshttps://www.tiwariacademy.com/ncert-solutions/class-10/social-science/