1. (i) All villagers had access to the commons. (ii) Here, they pastured their cows and grazed their sheep. (iii) They collected fuelwood for fire and berries and fruits for food. (iv) They fished in the rivers and ponds and hunted rabbits in common forests. (v) For the poor, the common land was essentRead more

    (i) All villagers had access to the commons.
    (ii) Here, they pastured their cows and grazed their sheep.
    (iii) They collected fuelwood for fire and berries and fruits for food.
    (iv) They fished in the rivers and ponds and hunted rabbits in common forests.
    (v) For the poor, the common land was essential for survival.
    (vi) It supplemented their meagre income, sustained their cattle and helped
    them during bad times when crops failed.

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  2. (i) Earlier, it was common for labourers to live with landowners. They were at the master's table and helped their master through the year, doing a variety of jobs. (ii) By 1800, this practice began to disappear. Labourers were being paid wages and employed only during harvest times. (iii) As landowRead more

    (i) Earlier, it was common for labourers to live with landowners. They were
    at the master’s table and helped their master through the year, doing a
    variety of jobs.
    (ii) By 1800, this practice began to disappear. Labourers were being paid
    wages and employed only during harvest times.
    (iii) As landowners tried to increase their profits, they cut the amount they
    had to spend on other workmen. Workers became insecure, employment
    uncertain and income unstable. For a very large part of the veal, the
    poor had no work.

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  3. (i) Riot spread all over southern England and near about 387 threshing machines were broken. (ii) Through this period, farmers received threatening letters urging them to stop using machines that deprived workmen of their- livelihood. (iii) Most of these letters were signed in the name of Captain SwRead more

    (i) Riot spread all over southern England and near about 387 threshing
    machines were broken.
    (ii) Through this period, farmers received threatening letters urging them
    to stop using machines that deprived workmen of their- livelihood.
    (iii) Most of these letters were signed in the name of Captain Swing, who was
    supposed to support the farmers to destroy threshing machines’

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  4. (i) The British would procure opium at cheap rates. They would sell it at a high price to the opium agents in calcutta, who then shipped it to China. (ii) This difference between the buying and selling price was the government,s opium revenue. (iii) The prices given to the peasants were so low thatRead more

    (i) The British would procure opium at cheap rates. They would sell it at
    a high price to the opium agents in calcutta, who then shipped it to
    China.
    (ii) This difference between the buying and selling price was the government,s
    opium revenue.
    (iii) The prices given to the peasants were so low that by the early 18th
    century, angry peasants began agitating for higher prices and refused to
    take advances.
    (iv) some cultivators around Benaras stopped cultivating opium and started
    producing sugarcane and potato instead. some cultivators sold off their
    opium crop to travelling traders called pykars, who offered them higher prices.

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  5. (i) The Western merchants could buy tea only by paving in silver coins or bullion. (ii) It meant outflows of treasure from England, as it would deplete the wealth of the nation. (iii) The merchants therefore looked for ways to stop this loss of silver. (iv) They searched for a commodity they could sRead more

    (i) The Western merchants could buy tea only by paving in silver coins or bullion.
    (ii) It meant outflows of treasure from England, as it would deplete the
    wealth of the nation.
    (iii) The merchants therefore looked for ways to stop this loss of silver.
    (iv) They searched for a commodity they could sell in China, something they
    could persuade the chinese to buy. so, opium was one such commodity.

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