1. (i) After the American war of independence and the formation of the USA, the White Americans began to move westward. (ii) They felt that this area could be cleared and turned into cultivated fields. Forest timber could be cut for export and mountains could be mined for gold and minerals. (iii) ThenRead more

    (i) After the American war of independence and the formation of the USA,
    the White Americans began to move westward.
    (ii) They felt that this area could be cleared and turned into cultivated fields.
    Forest timber could be cut for export and mountains could be mined for
    gold and minerals.
    (iii) Then the US government opted for a policy to drive the American
    Indians westward first beyond the Mississippi river and then further
    west.
    (iv) Many wars were waged against Indians in which many Indians were
    killed and their villages were burnt.
    (v) The Indians resisted, triumphed in many wars but were ultimately
    forced to sign treaties, give up their land and move westward.

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  2. (i) When soldiers returned to their villagers, they needed alternative jobs to survive. (ii) But during this time, grain from Europe began flowing into England, prices declined and agricultural depression set in. (iii) Landowners began reducing the area they cultivated and demanded that the importsRead more

    (i) When soldiers returned to their villagers, they needed alternative jobs to
    survive.
    (ii) But during this time, grain from Europe began flowing into England,
    prices declined and agricultural depression set in.
    (iii) Landowners began reducing the area they cultivated and demanded
    that the imports of crops be stopped.
    (iv) They tried to cut wages and the number of workmen they emploved.
    The unemployed poor moved from village to village in search of jobs.

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  3. (i) During the Napoleonic wars, prices of foodgrains were high and farmers expanded their production. (ii) Fearing a shortage of labour, they began buying the new threshing machines that had come into the market. (iii) They complained about the drinking habits of the labourers, thereby making it difRead more

    (i) During the Napoleonic wars, prices of foodgrains were high and farmers
    expanded their production.
    (ii) Fearing a shortage of labour, they began buying the new threshing
    machines that had come into the market.
    (iii) They complained about the drinking habits of the labourers, thereby
    making it difficult for them to work.
    (iv) They thought that machines would help them reduce their dependence
    on labourers.

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  4. (i) The poor could no longer collect their firewood from the forests or graze their cattle on the commons. (ii) They could no longer collect apples and berries or hunt animals for meat. (iii) Nor could they gather the stalks that lay on the fields after the crops were cut. (iv) The poor were displacRead more

    (i) The poor could no longer collect their firewood from the forests or graze
    their cattle on the commons.
    (ii) They could no longer collect apples and berries or hunt animals for meat.
    (iii) Nor could they gather the stalks that lay on the fields after the crops
    were cut.
    (iv) The poor were displaced from their lands and they found their customary
    rights gradually disappearing.
    (v) Some of them moved to the southern counties of England, where there
    was a great demand for agricultural labourers.
    (vi) For them work became insecure, employment uncertain and income
    unstable.

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  5. (i) Enclosures began in the 18th century for grain production. (ii) The English population was increasing rapidly. (iii) This led to increased demand for foodgrains to feed the population. (iv) Britain at that time was industrialising and more and more people were migrating to towns in search of jobRead more

    (i) Enclosures began in the 18th century for grain production.
    (ii) The English population was increasing rapidly.
    (iii) This led to increased demand for foodgrains to feed the population.
    (iv) Britain at that time was industrialising and more and more people were
    migrating to towns in search of jobs. A the urban population grew, the
    demand for foodgrains increased, thereby pressurising the peasants to
    fulfil the demand.

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