(i) The new enclosures were different from the old, unlike the l6th century enclosures that promoted sheep farming. (ii) The land being enclosed in the late 18th century was for grain production. (iii) The new enclosures were happening in a different content: they became a sign of a changing time. (Read more
(i) The new enclosures were different from the old, unlike the l6th century
enclosures that promoted sheep farming.
(ii) The land being enclosed in the late 18th century was for grain production.
(iii) The new enclosures were happening in a different content: they became
a sign of a changing time.
(iv) From the mid-18th century, the English population expanded
rapidly. This meant an increased demand for foodgrains to feed the
population.
(v) Moreover, Britain at this time was industrialising. More and more people
began to live and work in urban areas.
(vi) Men from rural areas migrated to towns in search of jobs. To survive,
they had to buy foodgrains in the marker. So, these conditions led to
more and more enclosures.
(i) By 1773, the British government in Bengal had established a monopoly over opium trade. (ii) No one else was legally permitted to trade in opium. (iii) By the 1820s, the British found that opium production in their territories was rapidly declining and outside its territories, the production wasRead more
(i) By 1773, the British government in Bengal had established a monopoly
over opium trade.
(ii) No one else was legally permitted to trade in opium.
(iii) By the 1820s, the British found that opium production in their territories
was rapidly declining and outside its territories, the production was
increasing.
(iv) It was produced in the princely states where local traders were offering
much higher prices to peasants and exporting opium to China.
(v) To the British, this trade was illegal; it was smuggling and it had to be
stopped. Government monopoly had tr-i be retained.
(vi) It therefore, instructed its agents posted in the princely stares to
confiscate all opium and destroy the crops.
(i) In the rural areas of Bengal and Bihar, there were large number of poor peasants. They were very given advance money to produce opium by their village headmen. (ii) When offered loan, the cultivators were tempted to accept it, hoping to meet their immediate need and pay back the loan later'. (iiRead more
(i) In the rural areas of Bengal and Bihar, there were large number of poor
peasants. They were very given advance money to produce opium by
their village headmen.
(ii) When offered loan, the cultivators were tempted to accept it, hoping to
meet their immediate need and pay back the loan later’.
(iii) But the loan tied the peasant to the headman and through him to the
government.
(iv) The government opium agents were advancing money to headmen,
who in turn gave it to the cultivator.
(v) By taking the loan, the cultivator was forced to grow opium on a specific
area of land and hand over the produce to the agents.
(vi) He had no choice of planting the field with the crop of his choice or
selling his produce to anyone else but the government agent. And he
had to accept the low price offered for the produce.
(i) The crop had to be grown on the best land, on fields that lay near villages and were well manured. On this land, villagers usually produced pulses. If they planted opium on this land, pulses could not be grown there. (ii) Many cultivators owned no land. To cultivate, they had to pay rent to theRead more
(i) The crop had to be grown on the best land, on fields that lay near
villages and were well manured. On this land, villagers usually
produced pulses. If they planted opium on this land, pulses could not
be grown there.
(ii) Many cultivators owned no land. To cultivate, they had to pay rent to the
landlord for the lease land. And the rent charged on good land near the
villages were very high.
(iii) The cultivation of opium was a difficult process. The plant u,as delicate
and the cultivators had to spend long hours nurturing it.
(iv) The price government paid to the cultivators for opium was very low. It
was unprofitable for cultivators to grow opium at that price.
(i) The Portuguese had introduced opium into China where it was used for medical Purposes in very small quantity. (ii) The Chinese were aware of the danger of opium addiction and the Emperor had forbidden its production and sale except for medicinal purposes. (iii) But the English began an illegal tRead more
(i) The Portuguese had introduced opium into China where it was used for
medical Purposes in very small quantity.
(ii) The Chinese were aware of the danger of opium addiction and the
Emperor had forbidden its production and sale except for medicinal
purposes.
(iii) But the English began an illegal trade in opium.
(iv) It was unloaded in a number of seaports of south-eastern China and
carried by local agents to the interiors.
(v) While the English cultivated a taste for Chinese tea, the Chinese became
addicted to opium.
(vi) People of all classes took to the drug-shopkeepers and peddlers,
officials and army men, aristocrats and also the poor.
As China became a country of opium addicts, British trade in tea
flourished.
(i) British rule was gradually established in India after the Battle of Plassey (1757). (ii) During the period of colonial rule, the rural landscape was transformed. (iii) The British found land revenue as a major source of government income. (iv) Efforts were made to impose a regular system of landRead more
(i) British rule was gradually established in India after the Battle of Plassey
(1757).
(ii) During the period of colonial rule, the rural landscape was transformed.
(iii) The British found land revenue as a major source of government
income.
(iv) Efforts were made to impose a regular system of land revenue, increase
revenue rates and expand the area under cultivation’
(i) They occurred because of the persistent droughts in that area. (ii) The rains failed year after year and temperatures soared. The wind blew with ferocious speed. (iii) But ordinary duststorms became black blizzards only because the entire landscape had been ploughed over and the grass was ruinedRead more
(i) They occurred because of the persistent droughts in that area.
(ii) The rains failed year after year and temperatures soared. The wind blew
with ferocious speed.
(iii) But ordinary duststorms became black blizzards only because the entire
landscape had been ploughed over and the grass was ruined which
could hold soil.
(iv) When wheat cultivation had expanded dramatically in the early 19th
century, zealous farmers had recklessly uprooted all vegetation, and
tractors had turned the soil over and broken the sod into dust. The
whole region had become a Dust Bowl.
(i) For the poorer farmers, machines brought misery. (ii) They got loans from banks to buy these machines. (iii) Those who borrowed found it difficult to repay their debts' (iv) Many of them deserted their farms and looked for jobs elsewhere. (v) But jobs were difficult to find as mechanisation hadRead more
(i) For the poorer farmers, machines brought misery.
(ii) They got loans from banks to buy these machines.
(iii) Those who borrowed found it difficult to repay their debts’
(iv) Many of them deserted their farms and looked for jobs elsewhere.
(v) But jobs were difficult to find as mechanisation had reduced the need
for labour.
(vi) Production had expanded so rapidly during the war and post-war. Years
that there was surplus.
(vii) Wheat prices fell due to overproduction and export markets collapsed.
This created the ground for the Great Agrarian Depression of the 1930s
that ruined wheat farmers everywhere.
(i) The urban population in the US was growing and the export market was becoming even bigger. (ii) As the demand increased, wheat prices rose encouraging farmers to produce wheat. (iii) The spread of the railways made it easy to transport the grain from the wheat growing regions to the eastern coasRead more
(i) The urban population in the US was growing and the export market was
becoming even bigger.
(ii) As the demand increased, wheat prices rose encouraging farmers to
produce wheat.
(iii) The spread of the railways made it easy to transport the grain from the
wheat growing regions to the eastern coast for export’
(iv) During the World War, the world market boomed. Russians wheat
supply was cut-off and US had to feed Europe’
(v) US President rightly said, “Plant more wheat, wheat will win the war.”
(i) After the American war of independence and the formation of the USA, the White Americans began to move westward. (ii) They felt that this area could be cleared and turned into cultivated fields. Forest timber could be cut for export and mountains could be mined for gold and minerals. (iii) ThenRead more
(i) After the American war of independence and the formation of the USA,
the White Americans began to move westward.
(ii) They felt that this area could be cleared and turned into cultivated fields.
Forest timber could be cut for export and mountains could be mined for
gold and minerals.
(iii) Then the US government opted for a policy to drive the American
Indians westward first beyond the Mississippi river and then further
west.
(iv) Many wars were waged against Indians in which many Indians were
killed and their villages were burnt.
(v) The Indians resisted, triumphed in many wars but were ultimately
forced to sign treaties, give up their land and move westward.
Why was there such a frantic effort to enclose lands? What did the new enclosures imply ?
(i) The new enclosures were different from the old, unlike the l6th century enclosures that promoted sheep farming. (ii) The land being enclosed in the late 18th century was for grain production. (iii) The new enclosures were happening in a different content: they became a sign of a changing time. (Read more
(i) The new enclosures were different from the old, unlike the l6th century
See lessenclosures that promoted sheep farming.
(ii) The land being enclosed in the late 18th century was for grain production.
(iii) The new enclosures were happening in a different content: they became
a sign of a changing time.
(iv) From the mid-18th century, the English population expanded
rapidly. This meant an increased demand for foodgrains to feed the
population.
(v) Moreover, Britain at this time was industrialising. More and more people
began to live and work in urban areas.
(vi) Men from rural areas migrated to towns in search of jobs. To survive,
they had to buy foodgrains in the marker. So, these conditions led to
more and more enclosures.
How did the British establish their monopoly over opium trade ?
(i) By 1773, the British government in Bengal had established a monopoly over opium trade. (ii) No one else was legally permitted to trade in opium. (iii) By the 1820s, the British found that opium production in their territories was rapidly declining and outside its territories, the production wasRead more
(i) By 1773, the British government in Bengal had established a monopoly
See lessover opium trade.
(ii) No one else was legally permitted to trade in opium.
(iii) By the 1820s, the British found that opium production in their territories
was rapidly declining and outside its territories, the production was
increasing.
(iv) It was produced in the princely states where local traders were offering
much higher prices to peasants and exporting opium to China.
(v) To the British, this trade was illegal; it was smuggling and it had to be
stopped. Government monopoly had tr-i be retained.
(vi) It therefore, instructed its agents posted in the princely stares to
confiscate all opium and destroy the crops.
flow were the unwilling cultivators made to produce opium ?
(i) In the rural areas of Bengal and Bihar, there were large number of poor peasants. They were very given advance money to produce opium by their village headmen. (ii) When offered loan, the cultivators were tempted to accept it, hoping to meet their immediate need and pay back the loan later'. (iiRead more
(i) In the rural areas of Bengal and Bihar, there were large number of poor
See lesspeasants. They were very given advance money to produce opium by
their village headmen.
(ii) When offered loan, the cultivators were tempted to accept it, hoping to
meet their immediate need and pay back the loan later’.
(iii) But the loan tied the peasant to the headman and through him to the
government.
(iv) The government opium agents were advancing money to headmen,
who in turn gave it to the cultivator.
(v) By taking the loan, the cultivator was forced to grow opium on a specific
area of land and hand over the produce to the agents.
(vi) He had no choice of planting the field with the crop of his choice or
selling his produce to anyone else but the government agent. And he
had to accept the low price offered for the produce.
Why were Indian cultivators unwilling to grow opium ?
(i) The crop had to be grown on the best land, on fields that lay near villages and were well manured. On this land, villagers usually produced pulses. If they planted opium on this land, pulses could not be grown there. (ii) Many cultivators owned no land. To cultivate, they had to pay rent to theRead more
(i) The crop had to be grown on the best land, on fields that lay near
See lessvillages and were well manured. On this land, villagers usually
produced pulses. If they planted opium on this land, pulses could not
be grown there.
(ii) Many cultivators owned no land. To cultivate, they had to pay rent to the
landlord for the lease land. And the rent charged on good land near the
villages were very high.
(iii) The cultivation of opium was a difficult process. The plant u,as delicate
and the cultivators had to spend long hours nurturing it.
(iv) The price government paid to the cultivators for opium was very low. It
was unprofitable for cultivators to grow opium at that price.
How did the British make the Chinese addicted to opium ?
(i) The Portuguese had introduced opium into China where it was used for medical Purposes in very small quantity. (ii) The Chinese were aware of the danger of opium addiction and the Emperor had forbidden its production and sale except for medicinal purposes. (iii) But the English began an illegal tRead more
(i) The Portuguese had introduced opium into China where it was used for
See lessmedical Purposes in very small quantity.
(ii) The Chinese were aware of the danger of opium addiction and the
Emperor had forbidden its production and sale except for medicinal
purposes.
(iii) But the English began an illegal trade in opium.
(iv) It was unloaded in a number of seaports of south-eastern China and
carried by local agents to the interiors.
(v) While the English cultivated a taste for Chinese tea, the Chinese became
addicted to opium.
(vi) People of all classes took to the drug-shopkeepers and peddlers,
officials and army men, aristocrats and also the poor.
As China became a country of opium addicts, British trade in tea
flourished.
Why did the British increase the land for cultivation in India ?
(i) British rule was gradually established in India after the Battle of Plassey (1757). (ii) During the period of colonial rule, the rural landscape was transformed. (iii) The British found land revenue as a major source of government income. (iv) Efforts were made to impose a regular system of landRead more
(i) British rule was gradually established in India after the Battle of Plassey
See less(1757).
(ii) During the period of colonial rule, the rural landscape was transformed.
(iii) The British found land revenue as a major source of government
income.
(iv) Efforts were made to impose a regular system of land revenue, increase
revenue rates and expand the area under cultivation’
What were the causes of the formation of Dust Bowls ?
(i) They occurred because of the persistent droughts in that area. (ii) The rains failed year after year and temperatures soared. The wind blew with ferocious speed. (iii) But ordinary duststorms became black blizzards only because the entire landscape had been ploughed over and the grass was ruinedRead more
(i) They occurred because of the persistent droughts in that area.
See less(ii) The rains failed year after year and temperatures soared. The wind blew
with ferocious speed.
(iii) But ordinary duststorms became black blizzards only because the entire
landscape had been ploughed over and the grass was ruined which
could hold soil.
(iv) When wheat cultivation had expanded dramatically in the early 19th
century, zealous farmers had recklessly uprooted all vegetation, and
tractors had turned the soil over and broken the sod into dust. The
whole region had become a Dust Bowl.
What happened to the poor farmers after the use of new technology?
(i) For the poorer farmers, machines brought misery. (ii) They got loans from banks to buy these machines. (iii) Those who borrowed found it difficult to repay their debts' (iv) Many of them deserted their farms and looked for jobs elsewhere. (v) But jobs were difficult to find as mechanisation hadRead more
(i) For the poorer farmers, machines brought misery.
See less(ii) They got loans from banks to buy these machines.
(iii) Those who borrowed found it difficult to repay their debts’
(iv) Many of them deserted their farms and looked for jobs elsewhere.
(v) But jobs were difficult to find as mechanisation had reduced the need
for labour.
(vi) Production had expanded so rapidly during the war and post-war. Years
that there was surplus.
(vii) Wheat prices fell due to overproduction and export markets collapsed.
This created the ground for the Great Agrarian Depression of the 1930s
that ruined wheat farmers everywhere.
How did the White Americans turn the grasslands into bread baskets of America ?
(i) The urban population in the US was growing and the export market was becoming even bigger. (ii) As the demand increased, wheat prices rose encouraging farmers to produce wheat. (iii) The spread of the railways made it easy to transport the grain from the wheat growing regions to the eastern coasRead more
(i) The urban population in the US was growing and the export market was
See lessbecoming even bigger.
(ii) As the demand increased, wheat prices rose encouraging farmers to
produce wheat.
(iii) The spread of the railways made it easy to transport the grain from the
wheat growing regions to the eastern coast for export’
(iv) During the World War, the world market boomed. Russians wheat
supply was cut-off and US had to feed Europe’
(v) US President rightly said, “Plant more wheat, wheat will win the war.”
What policy did the US government follow in driving the Indians westward ?
(i) After the American war of independence and the formation of the USA, the White Americans began to move westward. (ii) They felt that this area could be cleared and turned into cultivated fields. Forest timber could be cut for export and mountains could be mined for gold and minerals. (iii) ThenRead more
(i) After the American war of independence and the formation of the USA,
See lessthe White Americans began to move westward.
(ii) They felt that this area could be cleared and turned into cultivated fields.
Forest timber could be cut for export and mountains could be mined for
gold and minerals.
(iii) Then the US government opted for a policy to drive the American
Indians westward first beyond the Mississippi river and then further
west.
(iv) Many wars were waged against Indians in which many Indians were
killed and their villages were burnt.
(v) The Indians resisted, triumphed in many wars but were ultimately
forced to sign treaties, give up their land and move westward.