1. Woman today do not hold even 10 percent of total strength in look Sabha. Their share in the State Assemblies is less than 5 per cent. The move to make 33 per cent reservation for woman in all the legislatures of India has not yet succeeded. Regarding woman’ s representation in national parliament isRead more

    Woman today do not hold even 10 percent of total strength in look Sabha. Their share in the State Assemblies is less than 5 per cent. The move to make 33 per cent reservation for woman in all the legislatures of India has not yet succeeded. Regarding woman’ s representation in national parliament is 40 per cent followed by Americas (20.2%), Europe (19.6%), whereas in Indian, it is 8.3%. Cabinets are also male dominated even when a woman becomes a Chief Minister or the Prime Minister. Thus the proportion of woman in legislative bodies has been very low. Woman’ organizations and activists have been demanding reservation of at least one- third of seats in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for woman. A bill with this proposal has been pending before the parliament for more than a decade but due to lack of consensus among the political parties, it has not been passed.

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  2. In a democracy, there is competition among political parties to win elections and from government. Their object is to gain political power. The competition among political parties divides the society. Already existing social divisions may become political divisions. Elections are fought on the basisRead more

    In a democracy, there is competition among political parties to win elections and from government. Their object is to gain political power. The competition among political parties divides the society. Already existing social divisions may become political divisions. Elections are fought on the basis of social divisions. Parties seek votes and support of social divisions at the time of elections. Candidates are selected on the basis of social divisions in a constituency  to attract maximum voters. A Muslim or Hindu fights elections in a Muslim or Hindu dominated constituency. Parties too try to attract votes on the basis of social divisions. For example, Bahujan Samaj Party seeks the votes of Dalits in India. Its base is dalit vote bank. In Northern Ireland, 53 per cent are Protestants and 44 per cent Roman Catholics. The Northland Ireland be unified with the Republics of Ireland. On the other hand, Protestants were represented by unionists who were in favor of remaining with the UK This led to violent conflicts and ultimately in 1998, the UK government  and the Nationalists reached a peace treaty. In Yugoslavia too, combination of  political and social divisions led to disintegrations. Thus, social divisions affect politics and many have disastrous consequences.

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  3. We Learn the following lessons from the principles of Majoritarianism and accommodation followed in Sri Lanka and Belgium: (i)  In Belgium, the leaders respected the feelings and interests of all communities and were successful in maintaining the unity of the country. They recognised  the existenceRead more

    We Learn the following lessons from the principles of Majoritarianism and accommodation followed in Sri Lanka and Belgium:

    (i)  In Belgium, the leaders respected the feelings and interests of all communities and were successful in maintaining the unity of the country. They recognised  the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. They took various  steps such as amendments to the constitution in order to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together  within the same country. The arrangement such as equal number of ministers of Dutch and French-speaking people has worked successfully.

    (ii) On the other hand, majority community in Sri Lanka tried to force its dominance over other communities. It has brought the country nearer to a civil war and unity of the country is threatened. this shows the path of accommodation is better than that of Majoritarianism  and power sharing must be followed.

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  4. (1) Horticulture crops consist of fruits and vegetable. India is the largest producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits. It produces 13 per cent of world's vegetable. (2) The Main fruits and vegetable produced in Indian are as given below: (a) Fruits: Mangoes, oranges, bananas, lichi, guava, pRead more

    (1) Horticulture crops consist of fruits and vegetable. India is the largest producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits. It produces 13 per cent of world’s vegetable.
    (2) The Main fruits and vegetable produced in Indian are as given below:
    (a) Fruits: Mangoes, oranges, bananas, lichi, guava, pineapples, grapes, apples, pears, apricots and walnuts.
    Vegetable: Pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato.
    (b) Fruits are produced in the following stastes:
    (i) Mangoes: Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
    (ii) Oranges: Nagpur and Cherrapunjee(Meghalaya).
    (iii) Bananas: Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
    (iV) Lichi and guava: Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
    (v) Pineapples: Meghalaya.
    (vi) Grapes: Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.
    (vii) Apples, Pears, apricots, and walnuts: Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh.

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  5. The advantages of the multipurpose projects are as mentioned berow: (i) Dams built under the multi-purpose projects help to irrigate agricultural fields. (ii) Multi - projects help in generation of electricity. For example the Bhakra- Nangal project is being used both for hydel power production andRead more

    The advantages of the multipurpose projects are as mentioned berow:
    (i) Dams built under the multi-purpose projects help to irrigate agricultural fields.
    (ii) Multi – projects help in generation of electricity. For example the Bhakra- Nangal project is being used both for hydel power production and irrigation.
    (iii) lt provides water supply for industry and domestic use.
    (iv) It helps to control flood. For example the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood control.
    (v) These places have become places of recreation for the pdople.
    (vi) These projects are used for inland navigation.
    (vii) These projects have helped in fish breeding.
    (viii) In view of the above advantages, the multi-purpose projects were thought of as the vehicle that would lead the nation to development and progress. Jawaharlal Nehru proudly proclaimed the dams as the “temples of modern India” because it would integrate development of of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy.

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