1. The good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife are as follows: (i) Nature worship in : some parts of the country has led to preservation of several virgin forests in pristine form called sacred Groves i.e the forests of God and Goddesses. Such Sacred Groves are left untouched by the localRead more

    The good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife are as follows:
    (i) Nature worship in : some parts of the country has led to preservation of several virgin forests in pristine form called sacred Groves i.e the forests of God and Goddesses. Such Sacred Groves are left untouched by the local people and any interference with them is banned.
    (ii) The Mundas and the Santhals of chhota Nagpur region worship mahua (Bassia latifolia) and kadamba (Anlhocaphalus cadamba) tress.
    (iii) The tribals of Orissa and Bihar worship the tamarind (Tamarindusb indica) and mango (Mangifera indica) trees during the weddings.
    (iv) Most of the people in India consider peeple and banyan trees sacred.
    (v) Macaques and langurs around many temples are fed daily and treated as a part of temple devotees.
    (vi) The Bishnoi villages in Rajasthan consider blackbuck (chinkara), nilgai and peacocks an integral part of their community and do not harm them.

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  2. If oil supplies get exhausted, this will affect our life-style significantly because in such a situation the machines, vehicles, railways etc. could not be run. people would not be able to go from one place to another as they can go now. Many of our activities depend on petroleum products like petroRead more

    If oil supplies get exhausted, this will affect our life-style significantly because in such a situation the machines, vehicles, railways etc. could not be run. people would not be able to go from one place to another as they can go now. Many of our activities depend on petroleum products like petrol, diesel, LPG, CNG etc. People may be confined to smaller places as was in the ancient world’ However, as the scientists are doing research to find out alternative source of energy, it is hoped that they would be successful in their efforts. They may be able to use solar or wind energy in place of petroleum products and in that case, if the oil supplies get exhausted, it would not make any difference in our lives. Perhaps, life would become better in future.

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  3. Under colonial rule, many of the English educated class found new Western ways of living and thinking. However, at the some time they did not want to loose their own identity and traditions. To such people, novels like Indulekha  showed the way. The hero of  Indulekha was Madhavan, an English educatRead more

    Under colonial rule, many of the English educated class found new Western ways of living and thinking. However, at the some time they did not want to loose their own identity and traditions. To such people, novels like Indulekha  showed the way. The hero of  Indulekha was Madhavan, an English educated class of Nayars. He was also
    a first class Sanskrit scholar. He dressed in Western clothes. But the kept a long tuft of hair, according to the Nayar custom. Indulekha was woman a brethtaking beauty, high intellectual abilities, artistic talent and with education in English and Sanskrit. The heroes and heroines in most of the novels were people who lived in the modern world. Thus they were different from the ideal or mythological characters of the earlier poetic literature of India. The characters like Indulekha and Madhavn showed how Indian and foreign lifestyles could be brought together in an ideal combination.

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  4. (a) Starting of underground railway: (i) The first section of underground railway in the world opened on 10 January, 1863 between Paddington and Farrington Street in London. It carried 10,000 passengers on that day. The Train ran every ten minutes. (ii) The number of passengers increased in the comiRead more

    (a) Starting of underground railway: (i) The first section of underground railway in the world opened on 10 January, 1863 between Paddington and Farrington Street in London. It carried 10,000 passengers on that day. The Train ran every ten minutes. (ii) The number of passengers increased in the coming years and by 1880,40 million passengers travelled by the underground
    railways.
    (b) Why were people afraid of travelling in the beginning: People were afraid to travel in underground railways as passengers used to smoke. As a result the atmosphere was a mixture of Sulphur, cool dust and foul fumes which was a menace to health. Some called them as iron monsters.
    (c) Construction of railways and destruction: (i) The Construction of underground railways had led to massive destruction. It was estimated that about 900 houses were destroyed for construction of two miles of railway (ii) Generally, massive displacement of the poor took place.
    (d) Conclusion: (i) Ultimately, the underground railway was a success (ii) Underground railway enable people to live outside central London and travel to work (iv) This wore down social distinctions and created new ones.
    Thus, inspite of problems and criticism in the initial stages of its construction, the underground railway proved to be a boon .

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  5. The condition of the indentured labour which migrated from India in the nineteenth century was as given below: (i) They worked on plantations, in mines and in road and railway construction project around the world (ii) They were hired under contracts. These contracts promised return travel to IndianRead more

    The condition of the indentured labour which migrated from India in the nineteenth century was as given below:
    (i) They worked on plantations, in mines and in road and railway construction project around the world
    (ii) They were hired under contracts. These contracts promised return travel to Indian after they had worked for five years on their employer’s plantation.
    (iii) They went from present day regions of eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Central India and dry districts of Tamil Nadu.
    (iv) They migrated due to the decline of cottage industries, high land rent and clearing of lands for mines and plantations.
    (v) These labourers were recruited through agents engaged by employers and paid a small commission.
    (vi) Their conditions of work were harsh. It was a new system of slavery.
    (vii) After the contracts, some came back while others stayed back. As such, we find communities of lndian origin in these countries. For example: V.S Naipaul, Shivnarine Chanderpaul and Ramnaresh sarwan

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