(i) Novels are written about ordinary people and their life. (ii) After industrialisation, many changes took place in the lives of the people and the unemployment in the cities. Novelists such as Charles Dickens wrote about effects of industrialisation on people's lives in his novel 'Hard Times' inRead more
(i) Novels are written about ordinary people and their life.
(ii) After industrialisation, many changes took place in the lives of the people and the unemployment in the cities. Novelists such as Charles Dickens wrote about effects of industrialisation on people’s lives in his novel ‘Hard Times’ in which humans became simple instruments of production to earn more profit. Thus, he focused on the terrible conditions of urban life under industrial capitalism. His fictitious town – Cohetown – is a place full of machinery smoking chimney and polluted rivers. The workers are known as ‘hands’ in this town and have no identity other than as operators of machines.
(iii) Emile Zola’s Germinal was written about the grim conditions of miners’1ife.
(iv) Thomas Hardy wrote about traditional rural communities of England that were fast vanishing. This change was highlighted by Thomas Hardy in his novel Mayor of Casterbridge.
(u) Many women novelists wrote about the domestic life on the basis of their experience. They wrote about women who broke established norms of society. The example of such novels is Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre that was published in 1874.
(a) The new technology did not entirely displace the existing art of producing books by hand due to following reasons: (l) The printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout because the metal letters imitated the ornamental hand-written styles. (ii) BordersRead more
(a) The new technology did not entirely displace the existing art of producing books by hand due to following reasons:
(l) The printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout because the metal letters imitated the ornamental hand-written styles.
(ii) Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns.
(iii) Illustrations were painted.
(iv) In the books printed for the rich, space for decoration was kept blank on the printed page, so that the purchaser could get it designed as he desired.
(b) But in spite of the above facts, the new technology became popular because between 1450 and 1550, printing presses were set up in most of the countries of Europe. The number of printed books increased from 20 million copies in the second half of the 15th century to 200 million copies in the 16th century. Thus shift from hand printing to mechanical printing brought a print revolution.
The changes in technology and society which led to an increase in readers of the novel in eighteenth century Europe were as follows: (l) Earlier manuscripts were hand written and circulated among very few people. On the other hand novels were being printed. Therefore, novels were widely read and becRead more
The changes in technology and society which led to an increase in readers of the novel in eighteenth century Europe were as follows:
(l) Earlier manuscripts were hand written and circulated among very few people. On the other hand novels were being printed. Therefore, novels were widely read and became popular very quickly.
(ii) Technological improvements in printing brought down the price of books. Novel was one of the first mass-produced items to be sold in Europe.
(iii) New groups of lower-middle-class people, such as shopkeepers and clerks, traditional aristocratic and gentlemanly classes in England and France formed new readership for novels.
(iv) ln the eighteenth century, the middle-classes became more prosperous. Women got more leisure to read as well as write novels.
(v) Circulating libraries were introduced which enabled people to have easier access to books.
(vi) In 1836 Charles Dicken’s Pickwick Papers was serialised in a magazine. As the magazines were attractive, it further increased the readership of novels like viewers of television soaps today.
The spread of print culture in nineteenth century India was very important in the following ways for the women: (i) Lives and feelings of women began to be written in clear ways. (ii) Women's reading increased enormously in middle-class homes. (iii) Liberal husbands and fathers started educating womRead more
The spread of print culture in nineteenth century India was very important in the following ways for the women:
(i) Lives and feelings of women began to be written in clear ways.
(ii) Women’s reading increased enormously in middle-class homes.
(iii) Liberal husbands and fathers started educating women at home. When women
schools were opened after the mid-nineteenth century, they sent them to schools for education.
(iv) Articles were written in journals about the need of education for women. Sometimes syllabus and suitable reading material was published which could be used for home-based schooling. Thus print culture helped in the improvement of condition of women in the society. Some of them wrote books and autobiographies. For example, Rashsundari Debi wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban which was published in 1876. Kailashbashini Debi (Bengal), Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai (Maharashtra) were famous women writers.
The major expansion of Bombay's population in the mid-nineteenth century was due to the following reasons: (l) In the beginning, it was a major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat. In the nineteenth century, the city functioned as a port through which large quantities of raw materials such as coRead more
The major expansion of Bombay’s population in the mid-nineteenth century was due
to the following reasons:
(l) In the beginning, it was a major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat. In the nineteenth century, the city functioned as a port through which large quantities of raw materials such as cotton and opium would pass.
(ii) Bombay became capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1819, after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo-Maratha war. This led to its expansion.
(iii) As the trade of cotton and opium grew, large communities of traders and bankers, artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay.
(lv) The establishment of textile mills led to a fresh surge in migration. By 1921, there were 85 cotton mills with about 146,000 workers.
(v) Maritime trade also attracted a large number of people to the city.
(vi) Bombay was at the junction head of two major railways. The railways also encouraged migration into the city.
(vii) The famine in the dry regions of Kutchh drove large numbers of people into Bombay in 1888-89. As a result of above factors the population of Bombay increased form 644,405 in 1872 to nearly 1,500,000 in 1941.
Describe the subject-matter of novels Europe.
(i) Novels are written about ordinary people and their life. (ii) After industrialisation, many changes took place in the lives of the people and the unemployment in the cities. Novelists such as Charles Dickens wrote about effects of industrialisation on people's lives in his novel 'Hard Times' inRead more
(i) Novels are written about ordinary people and their life.
See less(ii) After industrialisation, many changes took place in the lives of the people and the unemployment in the cities. Novelists such as Charles Dickens wrote about effects of industrialisation on people’s lives in his novel ‘Hard Times’ in which humans became simple instruments of production to earn more profit. Thus, he focused on the terrible conditions of urban life under industrial capitalism. His fictitious town – Cohetown – is a place full of machinery smoking chimney and polluted rivers. The workers are known as ‘hands’ in this town and have no identity other than as operators of machines.
(iii) Emile Zola’s Germinal was written about the grim conditions of miners’1ife.
(iv) Thomas Hardy wrote about traditional rural communities of England that were fast vanishing. This change was highlighted by Thomas Hardy in his novel Mayor of Casterbridge.
(u) Many women novelists wrote about the domestic life on the basis of their experience. They wrote about women who broke established norms of society. The example of such novels is Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre that was published in 1874.
Why did the new-technology i.e. mechanical printing as developed by Johann Gutenberg not displace not displace the art of producing books by hand? what were the effects of new technology?
(a) The new technology did not entirely displace the existing art of producing books by hand due to following reasons: (l) The printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout because the metal letters imitated the ornamental hand-written styles. (ii) BordersRead more
(a) The new technology did not entirely displace the existing art of producing books by hand due to following reasons:
See less(l) The printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout because the metal letters imitated the ornamental hand-written styles.
(ii) Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns.
(iii) Illustrations were painted.
(iv) In the books printed for the rich, space for decoration was kept blank on the printed page, so that the purchaser could get it designed as he desired.
(b) But in spite of the above facts, the new technology became popular because between 1450 and 1550, printing presses were set up in most of the countries of Europe. The number of printed books increased from 20 million copies in the second half of the 15th century to 200 million copies in the 16th century. Thus shift from hand printing to mechanical printing brought a print revolution.
Outline the changes in technology and society which led to an increases in readers of the novel in eighteenth century Europe.
The changes in technology and society which led to an increase in readers of the novel in eighteenth century Europe were as follows: (l) Earlier manuscripts were hand written and circulated among very few people. On the other hand novels were being printed. Therefore, novels were widely read and becRead more
The changes in technology and society which led to an increase in readers of the novel in eighteenth century Europe were as follows:
See less(l) Earlier manuscripts were hand written and circulated among very few people. On the other hand novels were being printed. Therefore, novels were widely read and became popular very quickly.
(ii) Technological improvements in printing brought down the price of books. Novel was one of the first mass-produced items to be sold in Europe.
(iii) New groups of lower-middle-class people, such as shopkeepers and clerks, traditional aristocratic and gentlemanly classes in England and France formed new readership for novels.
(iv) ln the eighteenth century, the middle-classes became more prosperous. Women got more leisure to read as well as write novels.
(v) Circulating libraries were introduced which enabled people to have easier access to books.
(vi) In 1836 Charles Dicken’s Pickwick Papers was serialised in a magazine. As the magazines were attractive, it further increased the readership of novels like viewers of television soaps today.
What did the spread of print culture in nineteenth century India mean to women?
The spread of print culture in nineteenth century India was very important in the following ways for the women: (i) Lives and feelings of women began to be written in clear ways. (ii) Women's reading increased enormously in middle-class homes. (iii) Liberal husbands and fathers started educating womRead more
The spread of print culture in nineteenth century India was very important in the following ways for the women:
See less(i) Lives and feelings of women began to be written in clear ways.
(ii) Women’s reading increased enormously in middle-class homes.
(iii) Liberal husbands and fathers started educating women at home. When women
schools were opened after the mid-nineteenth century, they sent them to schools for education.
(iv) Articles were written in journals about the need of education for women. Sometimes syllabus and suitable reading material was published which could be used for home-based schooling. Thus print culture helped in the improvement of condition of women in the society. Some of them wrote books and autobiographies. For example, Rashsundari Debi wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban which was published in 1876. Kailashbashini Debi (Bengal), Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai (Maharashtra) were famous women writers.
What led to the major expansion of Bombay’s population in the mid-nineteenth century?
The major expansion of Bombay's population in the mid-nineteenth century was due to the following reasons: (l) In the beginning, it was a major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat. In the nineteenth century, the city functioned as a port through which large quantities of raw materials such as coRead more
The major expansion of Bombay’s population in the mid-nineteenth century was due
See lessto the following reasons:
(l) In the beginning, it was a major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat. In the nineteenth century, the city functioned as a port through which large quantities of raw materials such as cotton and opium would pass.
(ii) Bombay became capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1819, after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo-Maratha war. This led to its expansion.
(iii) As the trade of cotton and opium grew, large communities of traders and bankers, artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay.
(lv) The establishment of textile mills led to a fresh surge in migration. By 1921, there were 85 cotton mills with about 146,000 workers.
(v) Maritime trade also attracted a large number of people to the city.
(vi) Bombay was at the junction head of two major railways. The railways also encouraged migration into the city.
(vii) The famine in the dry regions of Kutchh drove large numbers of people into Bombay in 1888-89. As a result of above factors the population of Bombay increased form 644,405 in 1872 to nearly 1,500,000 in 1941.