The main features of the process of industrialisation were as follows: (i) cotton and metal industries: cotton and metal were the most dynamic industries. Cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s. It was followed by iron and steel industry because with thRead more
The main features of the process of industrialisation were as follows:
(i) cotton and metal industries: cotton and metal were the most dynamic industries. Cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s. It was followed by iron and steel industry because with the expansion of railways the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly. By 1873 Britain was exporting iron and steel worth about £77 million which was double the value of its cotton export.
(ii) Role of traditional industries: The traditional industries could not be displaced because a large portion of work even in the textile industries was being done within domestic units’ Even at the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 percent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced sector.
(iii) changes in the ‘traditional’ industries: The pace of change in the traditional industries was not say by steam-powered cotton or metal industries. Only ordinary and small in innovations became the basis of growth in many non-mechanised sectors such as food processing, building, pottery, glass work, furniture work etc.
(iv) Slow technological changes: Technological changes took place slowly because it was expensive. Merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it. The machines often went out of order and repair was costly. They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed. For example, there was no buyer for steam engine for many years. At the beginning of the 19th century there were no more than 321 steam engines all over England. So even the most powerful new technology that enhanced the productivity of labour manifold was slow to be accepted by the industrialists.
In view of the above features, it has been recognised by the historians that the typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century was not a machine operator but the traditional craftsperson and labourer.
It is true that the pre-modern world shrank greatly in the sixteenth century due to the reasons as mentioned below (i) European sailors found a sea route to Asia. They successfully crossed the western ocean to America. Before that for centuries, the Indian subcontinent was centre of trade with goodsRead more
It is true that the pre-modern world shrank greatly in the sixteenth century due to the reasons as mentioned below
(i) European sailors found a sea route to Asia. They successfully crossed the western ocean to America. Before that for centuries, the Indian subcontinent was centre of trade with goods, people, knowledge, customs etc. that crossed through its waters. It was a crucial point in the networks of trade and commerce.
(ii) with the discovery of America, its vast lands, abundant crops and minerals transformed trade and lives everywhere in the world.
(iii) Precious metals from mines in Peru and Mexico increased wealth of Europe and financed its trade with Asia.
(iv) The Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonisation of America took place by the mid-sixteenth century.
(v) In the pre-modern world, India and china were among the world’s richest countries. However, since 15th century, China restricted overseas contact and followed a policy, of isolation. As a result of it, the America’s importance increased. The centre of world trade moved westwards and Europe became the centre of world trade. Thus, the world shrank and became closer in the sixteenth century.
Disguised unemployment is a situation in which more people are engaged in an activity than the required ones. The people who are actually engaged in such an activity appear to be employed but are not fully employed. In such cases, even, if the surplus people are removed from the work, production doeRead more
Disguised unemployment is a situation in which more people are engaged in an activity than the required ones. The people who are actually engaged in such an activity appear to be employed but are not fully employed. In such cases, even, if the surplus people are removed from the work, production does not suffer. In India, the problem of disguised unemployment is particularly acute in rural areas where more person do the work in the fields. Workers in agricultural sector are under-employed. In such situation, everyone does work. No one remains idle but in actual fact, their labour effort gets divided. They work less than their potential. This kind of employment is hidden. Hence, it is known as disguised unemployment.
In urban areas there are casual workers in the service sector who search for daily employment such as painters, plumbers, repair persons and others doing odd jobs. They may spend the whole day but earn very little. Thus, there is disguised unemployment both in rural and urban areas.
A developed country is the one that is industrialised and has access lo modern technology. As per world Development Report 2006, brought out by the world Bank, the rich countries with per capita income of ₹ 4,53,000 per annum and above (2004) excluding countries of Middle East and certain other smalRead more
A developed country is the one that is industrialised and has access lo modern technology. As per world Development Report 2006, brought out by the world Bank, the rich countries with per capita income of ₹ 4,53,000 per annum and above (2004) excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries are called rich and developed countries’ On the other hand, a developing or under-developed country is on the path of indristrialisation and has little access io modern technology Most of the working persons are engaged in agriculture and related traditional activities. The standing in developing countries is comparatively low and the people lack better quality of life. As per World Development report countries with per capita income of ₹37,000 or less are called low countries India’s per capita income in 2004 was ₹28,000 per annum so it was also a low income country.
It is Correct to say that per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states because money or higher income cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well. There cannot be a pollution free environment in a colony of rich people unless the wRead more
It is Correct to say that per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states because money or higher income cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well. There cannot be a pollution free environment in a colony of rich people unless the whole community takes preventive steps. Sometime, it is better to have collective services like security for the whole locality than to have individual security for one’s own house, Again a school may be opened for the children of whole community than for one or two children of a rich person. Kerala has a better human development ranking than Punjab because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities. In Kerala, Infant because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities. In Kerala, Infant Mortality Rate is 11 in comparison to 49 Punjab, where the per capita income is much more than Kerala. The states, therefore, cannot be compared on the basis of per capita income alone.
Woman today do not hold even 10 percent of total strength in look Sabha. Their share in the State Assemblies is less than 5 per cent. The move to make 33 per cent reservation for woman in all the legislatures of India has not yet succeeded. Regarding woman’ s representation in national parliament isRead more
Woman today do not hold even 10 percent of total strength in look Sabha. Their share in the State Assemblies is less than 5 per cent. The move to make 33 per cent reservation for woman in all the legislatures of India has not yet succeeded. Regarding woman’ s representation in national parliament is 40 per cent followed by Americas (20.2%), Europe (19.6%), whereas in Indian, it is 8.3%. Cabinets are also male dominated even when a woman becomes a Chief Minister or the Prime Minister. Thus the proportion of woman in legislative bodies has been very low. Woman’ organizations and activists have been demanding reservation of at least one- third of seats in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for woman. A bill with this proposal has been pending before the parliament for more than a decade but due to lack of consensus among the political parties, it has not been passed.
In a democracy, there is competition among political parties to win elections and from government. Their object is to gain political power. The competition among political parties divides the society. Already existing social divisions may become political divisions. Elections are fought on the basisRead more
In a democracy, there is competition among political parties to win elections and from government. Their object is to gain political power. The competition among political parties divides the society. Already existing social divisions may become political divisions. Elections are fought on the basis of social divisions. Parties seek votes and support of social divisions at the time of elections. Candidates are selected on the basis of social divisions in a constituency to attract maximum voters. A Muslim or Hindu fights elections in a Muslim or Hindu dominated constituency. Parties too try to attract votes on the basis of social divisions. For example, Bahujan Samaj Party seeks the votes of Dalits in India. Its base is dalit vote bank. In Northern Ireland, 53 per cent are Protestants and 44 per cent Roman Catholics. The Northland Ireland be unified with the Republics of Ireland. On the other hand, Protestants were represented by unionists who were in favor of remaining with the UK This led to violent conflicts and ultimately in 1998, the UK government and the Nationalists reached a peace treaty. In Yugoslavia too, combination of political and social divisions led to disintegrations. Thus, social divisions affect politics and many have disastrous consequences.
We Learn the following lessons from the principles of Majoritarianism and accommodation followed in Sri Lanka and Belgium: (i) In Belgium, the leaders respected the feelings and interests of all communities and were successful in maintaining the unity of the country. They recognised the existenceRead more
We Learn the following lessons from the principles of Majoritarianism and accommodation followed in Sri Lanka and Belgium:
(i) In Belgium, the leaders respected the feelings and interests of all communities and were successful in maintaining the unity of the country. They recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. They took various steps such as amendments to the constitution in order to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country. The arrangement such as equal number of ministers of Dutch and French-speaking people has worked successfully.
(ii) On the other hand, majority community in Sri Lanka tried to force its dominance over other communities. It has brought the country nearer to a civil war and unity of the country is threatened. this shows the path of accommodation is better than that of Majoritarianism and power sharing must be followed.
(1) Horticulture crops consist of fruits and vegetable. India is the largest producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits. It produces 13 per cent of world's vegetable. (2) The Main fruits and vegetable produced in Indian are as given below: (a) Fruits: Mangoes, oranges, bananas, lichi, guava, pRead more
(1) Horticulture crops consist of fruits and vegetable. India is the largest producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits. It produces 13 per cent of world’s vegetable.
(2) The Main fruits and vegetable produced in Indian are as given below:
(a) Fruits: Mangoes, oranges, bananas, lichi, guava, pineapples, grapes, apples, pears, apricots and walnuts.
Vegetable: Pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato.
(b) Fruits are produced in the following stastes:
(i) Mangoes: Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
(ii) Oranges: Nagpur and Cherrapunjee(Meghalaya).
(iii) Bananas: Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
(iV) Lichi and guava: Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
(v) Pineapples: Meghalaya.
(vi) Grapes: Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.
(vii) Apples, Pears, apricots, and walnuts: Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh.
The advantages of the multipurpose projects are as mentioned berow: (i) Dams built under the multi-purpose projects help to irrigate agricultural fields. (ii) Multi - projects help in generation of electricity. For example the Bhakra- Nangal project is being used both for hydel power production andRead more
The advantages of the multipurpose projects are as mentioned berow:
(i) Dams built under the multi-purpose projects help to irrigate agricultural fields.
(ii) Multi – projects help in generation of electricity. For example the Bhakra- Nangal project is being used both for hydel power production and irrigation.
(iii) lt provides water supply for industry and domestic use.
(iv) It helps to control flood. For example the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood control.
(v) These places have become places of recreation for the pdople.
(vi) These projects are used for inland navigation.
(vii) These projects have helped in fish breeding.
(viii) In view of the above advantages, the multi-purpose projects were thought of as the vehicle that would lead the nation to development and progress. Jawaharlal Nehru proudly proclaimed the dams as the “temples of modern India” because it would integrate development of of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy.
Describe the main features of the process of industrialisation in Britain.
The main features of the process of industrialisation were as follows: (i) cotton and metal industries: cotton and metal were the most dynamic industries. Cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s. It was followed by iron and steel industry because with thRead more
The main features of the process of industrialisation were as follows:
(i) cotton and metal industries: cotton and metal were the most dynamic industries. Cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s. It was followed by iron and steel industry because with the expansion of railways the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly. By 1873 Britain was exporting iron and steel worth about £77 million which was double the value of its cotton export.
(ii) Role of traditional industries: The traditional industries could not be displaced because a large portion of work even in the textile industries was being done within domestic units’ Even at the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 percent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced sector.
(iii) changes in the ‘traditional’ industries: The pace of change in the traditional industries was not say by steam-powered cotton or metal industries. Only ordinary and small in innovations became the basis of growth in many non-mechanised sectors such as food processing, building, pottery, glass work, furniture work etc.
(iv) Slow technological changes: Technological changes took place slowly because it was expensive. Merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it. The machines often went out of order and repair was costly. They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed. For example, there was no buyer for steam engine for many years. At the beginning of the 19th century there were no more than 321 steam engines all over England. So even the most powerful new technology that enhanced the productivity of labour manifold was slow to be accepted by the industrialists.
See lessIn view of the above features, it has been recognised by the historians that the typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century was not a machine operator but the traditional craftsperson and labourer.
The pre-modern world shrank greatly in the sixteenth century. Explain.
It is true that the pre-modern world shrank greatly in the sixteenth century due to the reasons as mentioned below (i) European sailors found a sea route to Asia. They successfully crossed the western ocean to America. Before that for centuries, the Indian subcontinent was centre of trade with goodsRead more
It is true that the pre-modern world shrank greatly in the sixteenth century due to the reasons as mentioned below
See less(i) European sailors found a sea route to Asia. They successfully crossed the western ocean to America. Before that for centuries, the Indian subcontinent was centre of trade with goods, people, knowledge, customs etc. that crossed through its waters. It was a crucial point in the networks of trade and commerce.
(ii) with the discovery of America, its vast lands, abundant crops and minerals transformed trade and lives everywhere in the world.
(iii) Precious metals from mines in Peru and Mexico increased wealth of Europe and financed its trade with Asia.
(iv) The Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonisation of America took place by the mid-sixteenth century.
(v) In the pre-modern world, India and china were among the world’s richest countries. However, since 15th century, China restricted overseas contact and followed a policy, of isolation. As a result of it, the America’s importance increased. The centre of world trade moved westwards and Europe became the centre of world trade. Thus, the world shrank and became closer in the sixteenth century.
What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas.
Disguised unemployment is a situation in which more people are engaged in an activity than the required ones. The people who are actually engaged in such an activity appear to be employed but are not fully employed. In such cases, even, if the surplus people are removed from the work, production doeRead more
Disguised unemployment is a situation in which more people are engaged in an activity than the required ones. The people who are actually engaged in such an activity appear to be employed but are not fully employed. In such cases, even, if the surplus people are removed from the work, production does not suffer. In India, the problem of disguised unemployment is particularly acute in rural areas where more person do the work in the fields. Workers in agricultural sector are under-employed. In such situation, everyone does work. No one remains idle but in actual fact, their labour effort gets divided. They work less than their potential. This kind of employment is hidden. Hence, it is known as disguised unemployment.
See lessIn urban areas there are casual workers in the service sector who search for daily employment such as painters, plumbers, repair persons and others doing odd jobs. They may spend the whole day but earn very little. Thus, there is disguised unemployment both in rural and urban areas.
Distinguish between a developed and under- developed or developing country.
A developed country is the one that is industrialised and has access lo modern technology. As per world Development Report 2006, brought out by the world Bank, the rich countries with per capita income of ₹ 4,53,000 per annum and above (2004) excluding countries of Middle East and certain other smalRead more
A developed country is the one that is industrialised and has access lo modern technology. As per world Development Report 2006, brought out by the world Bank, the rich countries with per capita income of ₹ 4,53,000 per annum and above (2004) excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries are called rich and developed countries’ On the other hand, a developing or under-developed country is on the path of indristrialisation and has little access io modern technology Most of the working persons are engaged in agriculture and related traditional activities. The standing in developing countries is comparatively low and the people lack better quality of life. As per World Development report countries with per capita income of ₹37,000 or less are called low countries India’s per capita income in 2004 was ₹28,000 per annum so it was also a low income country.
See lessKerala, with lower per captia income has a better human development ranking than Punjab. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used not be used to compere states. Do you agree? Discuss
It is Correct to say that per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states because money or higher income cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well. There cannot be a pollution free environment in a colony of rich people unless the wRead more
It is Correct to say that per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states because money or higher income cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well. There cannot be a pollution free environment in a colony of rich people unless the whole community takes preventive steps. Sometime, it is better to have collective services like security for the whole locality than to have individual security for one’s own house, Again a school may be opened for the children of whole community than for one or two children of a rich person. Kerala has a better human development ranking than Punjab because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities. In Kerala, Infant because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities. In Kerala, Infant Mortality Rate is 11 in comparison to 49 Punjab, where the per capita income is much more than Kerala. The states, therefore, cannot be compared on the basis of per capita income alone.
See lessWhat is the status of woman’ representation in India legislative bodies?
Woman today do not hold even 10 percent of total strength in look Sabha. Their share in the State Assemblies is less than 5 per cent. The move to make 33 per cent reservation for woman in all the legislatures of India has not yet succeeded. Regarding woman’ s representation in national parliament isRead more
Woman today do not hold even 10 percent of total strength in look Sabha. Their share in the State Assemblies is less than 5 per cent. The move to make 33 per cent reservation for woman in all the legislatures of India has not yet succeeded. Regarding woman’ s representation in national parliament is 40 per cent followed by Americas (20.2%), Europe (19.6%), whereas in Indian, it is 8.3%. Cabinets are also male dominated even when a woman becomes a Chief Minister or the Prime Minister. Thus the proportion of woman in legislative bodies has been very low. Woman’ organizations and activists have been demanding reservation of at least one- third of seats in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for woman. A bill with this proposal has been pending before the parliament for more than a decade but due to lack of consensus among the political parties, it has not been passed.
See lessHow do social divisions affect politics? Give two example.
In a democracy, there is competition among political parties to win elections and from government. Their object is to gain political power. The competition among political parties divides the society. Already existing social divisions may become political divisions. Elections are fought on the basisRead more
In a democracy, there is competition among political parties to win elections and from government. Their object is to gain political power. The competition among political parties divides the society. Already existing social divisions may become political divisions. Elections are fought on the basis of social divisions. Parties seek votes and support of social divisions at the time of elections. Candidates are selected on the basis of social divisions in a constituency to attract maximum voters. A Muslim or Hindu fights elections in a Muslim or Hindu dominated constituency. Parties too try to attract votes on the basis of social divisions. For example, Bahujan Samaj Party seeks the votes of Dalits in India. Its base is dalit vote bank. In Northern Ireland, 53 per cent are Protestants and 44 per cent Roman Catholics. The Northland Ireland be unified with the Republics of Ireland. On the other hand, Protestants were represented by unionists who were in favor of remaining with the UK This led to violent conflicts and ultimately in 1998, the UK government and the Nationalists reached a peace treaty. In Yugoslavia too, combination of political and social divisions led to disintegrations. Thus, social divisions affect politics and many have disastrous consequences.
See lessWhat do you learn from the principles followed in Belgium and Sri Lanka i.e, majoritarinism in Sri Lanka and accommodation in Belgium?
We Learn the following lessons from the principles of Majoritarianism and accommodation followed in Sri Lanka and Belgium: (i) In Belgium, the leaders respected the feelings and interests of all communities and were successful in maintaining the unity of the country. They recognised the existenceRead more
We Learn the following lessons from the principles of Majoritarianism and accommodation followed in Sri Lanka and Belgium:
(i) In Belgium, the leaders respected the feelings and interests of all communities and were successful in maintaining the unity of the country. They recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. They took various steps such as amendments to the constitution in order to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country. The arrangement such as equal number of ministers of Dutch and French-speaking people has worked successfully.
(ii) On the other hand, majority community in Sri Lanka tried to force its dominance over other communities. It has brought the country nearer to a civil war and unity of the country is threatened. this shows the path of accommodation is better than that of Majoritarianism and power sharing must be followed.
See lessWhich are the horticulture crops? Where are they produced in India?
(1) Horticulture crops consist of fruits and vegetable. India is the largest producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits. It produces 13 per cent of world's vegetable. (2) The Main fruits and vegetable produced in Indian are as given below: (a) Fruits: Mangoes, oranges, bananas, lichi, guava, pRead more
(1) Horticulture crops consist of fruits and vegetable. India is the largest producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits. It produces 13 per cent of world’s vegetable.
See less(2) The Main fruits and vegetable produced in Indian are as given below:
(a) Fruits: Mangoes, oranges, bananas, lichi, guava, pineapples, grapes, apples, pears, apricots and walnuts.
Vegetable: Pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato.
(b) Fruits are produced in the following stastes:
(i) Mangoes: Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
(ii) Oranges: Nagpur and Cherrapunjee(Meghalaya).
(iii) Bananas: Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
(iV) Lichi and guava: Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
(v) Pineapples: Meghalaya.
(vi) Grapes: Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.
(vii) Apples, Pears, apricots, and walnuts: Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh.
Describe the advantages of the multipurpose projects.
The advantages of the multipurpose projects are as mentioned berow: (i) Dams built under the multi-purpose projects help to irrigate agricultural fields. (ii) Multi - projects help in generation of electricity. For example the Bhakra- Nangal project is being used both for hydel power production andRead more
The advantages of the multipurpose projects are as mentioned berow:
See less(i) Dams built under the multi-purpose projects help to irrigate agricultural fields.
(ii) Multi – projects help in generation of electricity. For example the Bhakra- Nangal project is being used both for hydel power production and irrigation.
(iii) lt provides water supply for industry and domestic use.
(iv) It helps to control flood. For example the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood control.
(v) These places have become places of recreation for the pdople.
(vi) These projects are used for inland navigation.
(vii) These projects have helped in fish breeding.
(viii) In view of the above advantages, the multi-purpose projects were thought of as the vehicle that would lead the nation to development and progress. Jawaharlal Nehru proudly proclaimed the dams as the “temples of modern India” because it would integrate development of of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy.