"The tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy" is partially correct. During the period between 1973 and 2003, the production in the tertiary sector has increased to the extent that it has emerged as the largest producing sector in India replacing the pRead more
“The tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy” is partially correct. During the period between 1973 and 2003, the production in the tertiary sector has increased to the extent that it has emerged as the largest producing sector in India replacing the primary sector. It has more share in GDP than other sectors. There are several reasons for such a share in GDP as mentioned below:
(i) Basic services i.e., hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph services, defence, banks etc. are being provided by the government in the developing countries.
(ii) The development of agriculture (primary sector) and industry (secondary sector) has led to development of services such as transport, trade and storage etc. in the tertiary sector.
(iii) Rise in income levels of the people has led to increase in their demands for more tourism facilities, shopping, better hospitals. Shopping malls, modern hospitals in big and metropolitan cities are examples of these services.
(iv) The rise of new services based on information and communication technology have become necessary in life. This has increased the importance of tertiary sector. However, the share of tertiary sector in employment has not increased in proportion to its increase in production. There are limited number of services that employ highly skilled and educated. workers. Avery large number of workers such as shopkeepers, repair workers barely manage to earn a living. They do not have any alternative opportunities for work. Thus, only a part of this sector is growing in importance. Not enough jobs have been created in the tertiary sector.
It is correct to say that environmental degradation is not just a national issue. It is no longer region or nation specific. Development has caused a high degree of environmental degradation in many countries. When the 'tsunami' hit the South and South-East Asian coasts, various countries of the worRead more
It is correct to say that environmental degradation is not just a national issue. It is no longer region or nation specific. Development has caused a high degree of environmental degradation in many countries. When the ‘tsunami’ hit the South and South-East Asian coasts, various countries of the world came forward to help the victims. The ice in the Arctic and Antarctic is melting because of increased emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This may cause floods in low lying areas like Bangladesh and the Maldives.
In the long run, the ecology crisis will adversely affect all of us. Actions of one country affect not only other countries but future generations as well. If all non-renewable resources are exhausted, then nothing will be left for future generations. Thus, the environmental degrade- tion has become an international issue and must be tackled by all countries jointly, otherwise future generations will suffer all over the world.
(a) The religious differences are expressed in the field of politics in the following ways: (l) Religion cannot be separated from politics: Gandhiji considered religion a part of politics. Man's activities cannot be divided into water-tight compartments. He believed that without religion, politics wRead more
(a) The religious differences are expressed in the field of politics in the following ways:
(l) Religion cannot be separated from politics: Gandhiji considered religion a part of politics. Man’s activities cannot be divided into water-tight compartments. He believed that without religion, politics would be dirty and a shameful game. Religion brings morality into politics. He believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.
(ii) Government to protect religious minorities: Human rights groups are of the view that the communal riots in the country affect the religious minorities – who are the only victims in such incidents. They demand that the government should protect the religious minorities.
(iii) Family laws: Women’s movement has argued that the family laws of all religions discriminate against women. They demand that steps should be taken by the government to enhance their rights and to bring equality between men and women.
(b) Effects of relationship between religion and politics: (l) There is nothing wrong in relationship between religion and politics as long as they treat every religion equally. In a democracy, people can express their demands and needs as a member of a religious community. All religions emphasise on moral values and politics should be guided by them. However, if necessary, the government should take steps to prevent discrimination and oppression. For example, in India, government can take steps and interfere in religious matters.
(ii) However, when religion is expressed in exclusive and partisan terms, it leads to effects like the partition of India in 1947.
Two systems of government i.e., federal system and unitary system can be compared as given below: Federal Government: (i) There are two or more levels of governments e.g., National, State and Local governments. (ii) There is division of powers between different Levels of governments. (iii) State govRead more
Two systems of government i.e., federal system and unitary system can be compared as given below:
Federal Government: (i) There are two or more levels of governments e.g., National, State and Local governments.
(ii) There is division of powers between different Levels of governments.
(iii) State governments are not answerable to the Central or National Government.
(iv) Jurisdiction of each government i.e., state and central is specified in the constitution.
(v) Constitutional amendment cannot be made without the consent of the state governments.
(vi) Courts such as Supreme Court of India safeguards and interprets the Constitution.
(vii) Sources of revenue are divided among different levels of government.
Unitary Government: (i) Generally, there is only one level of government. In case of
sub-units, they are subordinate to the national government.
(ii) There is no division of powers. The Central or National Government has all the powers.
(iii) The state governments or sub-units are answerable to the Central Government.
(iv) AII powers are with the Central Government. There is no separate Jurisdiction for the sub-unites. The Central Government can grant them powers and take back at any time.
(v) The Central Government alone can make constitutional amendment like an ordinary law.
(vi) Courts do not enjoy such powers.
(vii) Sources of revenue are controlled by the Central Government.
The government took the flowing steps to ensure increase in agricultural production: (a) Technological and institutional reforms were introduced. (b) After independence collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of Zamindari were given top priority. (c) 'Land Reform' wasRead more
The government took the flowing steps to ensure increase in agricultural production:
(a) Technological and institutional reforms were introduced.
(b) After independence collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of Zamindari were given top priority.
(c) ‘Land Reform’ was the main the main focus of the First Five Year Plan.
(d) The strategies of package technology and the White Revolution (Operation Flood) were initiated to increase agricultural production.
(e) Provision for crop insurance, establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were the steps that were taken by the government.
(f) In addition to above the Government of India made efforts to modernise agriculture. Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities, veterinary services and animal breeding centres, horticulture development, research and development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast were given priority for improving agriculture.
(g) The rural infrastructure was also improved.
(i) Novels are written about ordinary people and their life. (ii) After industrialisation, many changes took place in the lives of the people and the unemployment in the cities. Novelists such as Charles Dickens wrote about effects of industrialisation on people's lives in his novel 'Hard Times' inRead more
(i) Novels are written about ordinary people and their life.
(ii) After industrialisation, many changes took place in the lives of the people and the unemployment in the cities. Novelists such as Charles Dickens wrote about effects of industrialisation on people’s lives in his novel ‘Hard Times’ in which humans became simple instruments of production to earn more profit. Thus, he focused on the terrible conditions of urban life under industrial capitalism. His fictitious town – Cohetown – is a place full of machinery smoking chimney and polluted rivers. The workers are known as ‘hands’ in this town and have no identity other than as operators of machines.
(iii) Emile Zola’s Germinal was written about the grim conditions of miners’1ife.
(iv) Thomas Hardy wrote about traditional rural communities of England that were fast vanishing. This change was highlighted by Thomas Hardy in his novel Mayor of Casterbridge.
(u) Many women novelists wrote about the domestic life on the basis of their experience. They wrote about women who broke established norms of society. The example of such novels is Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre that was published in 1874.
(a) The new technology did not entirely displace the existing art of producing books by hand due to following reasons: (l) The printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout because the metal letters imitated the ornamental hand-written styles. (ii) BordersRead more
(a) The new technology did not entirely displace the existing art of producing books by hand due to following reasons:
(l) The printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout because the metal letters imitated the ornamental hand-written styles.
(ii) Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns.
(iii) Illustrations were painted.
(iv) In the books printed for the rich, space for decoration was kept blank on the printed page, so that the purchaser could get it designed as he desired.
(b) But in spite of the above facts, the new technology became popular because between 1450 and 1550, printing presses were set up in most of the countries of Europe. The number of printed books increased from 20 million copies in the second half of the 15th century to 200 million copies in the 16th century. Thus shift from hand printing to mechanical printing brought a print revolution.
The changes in technology and society which led to an increase in readers of the novel in eighteenth century Europe were as follows: (l) Earlier manuscripts were hand written and circulated among very few people. On the other hand novels were being printed. Therefore, novels were widely read and becRead more
The changes in technology and society which led to an increase in readers of the novel in eighteenth century Europe were as follows:
(l) Earlier manuscripts were hand written and circulated among very few people. On the other hand novels were being printed. Therefore, novels were widely read and became popular very quickly.
(ii) Technological improvements in printing brought down the price of books. Novel was one of the first mass-produced items to be sold in Europe.
(iii) New groups of lower-middle-class people, such as shopkeepers and clerks, traditional aristocratic and gentlemanly classes in England and France formed new readership for novels.
(iv) ln the eighteenth century, the middle-classes became more prosperous. Women got more leisure to read as well as write novels.
(v) Circulating libraries were introduced which enabled people to have easier access to books.
(vi) In 1836 Charles Dicken’s Pickwick Papers was serialised in a magazine. As the magazines were attractive, it further increased the readership of novels like viewers of television soaps today.
The spread of print culture in nineteenth century India was very important in the following ways for the women: (i) Lives and feelings of women began to be written in clear ways. (ii) Women's reading increased enormously in middle-class homes. (iii) Liberal husbands and fathers started educating womRead more
The spread of print culture in nineteenth century India was very important in the following ways for the women:
(i) Lives and feelings of women began to be written in clear ways.
(ii) Women’s reading increased enormously in middle-class homes.
(iii) Liberal husbands and fathers started educating women at home. When women
schools were opened after the mid-nineteenth century, they sent them to schools for education.
(iv) Articles were written in journals about the need of education for women. Sometimes syllabus and suitable reading material was published which could be used for home-based schooling. Thus print culture helped in the improvement of condition of women in the society. Some of them wrote books and autobiographies. For example, Rashsundari Debi wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban which was published in 1876. Kailashbashini Debi (Bengal), Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai (Maharashtra) were famous women writers.
The major expansion of Bombay's population in the mid-nineteenth century was due to the following reasons: (l) In the beginning, it was a major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat. In the nineteenth century, the city functioned as a port through which large quantities of raw materials such as coRead more
The major expansion of Bombay’s population in the mid-nineteenth century was due
to the following reasons:
(l) In the beginning, it was a major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat. In the nineteenth century, the city functioned as a port through which large quantities of raw materials such as cotton and opium would pass.
(ii) Bombay became capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1819, after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo-Maratha war. This led to its expansion.
(iii) As the trade of cotton and opium grew, large communities of traders and bankers, artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay.
(lv) The establishment of textile mills led to a fresh surge in migration. By 1921, there were 85 cotton mills with about 146,000 workers.
(v) Maritime trade also attracted a large number of people to the city.
(vi) Bombay was at the junction head of two major railways. The railways also encouraged migration into the city.
(vii) The famine in the dry regions of Kutchh drove large numbers of people into Bombay in 1888-89. As a result of above factors the population of Bombay increased form 644,405 in 1872 to nearly 1,500,000 in 1941.
“The tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy.’’ Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer.
"The tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy" is partially correct. During the period between 1973 and 2003, the production in the tertiary sector has increased to the extent that it has emerged as the largest producing sector in India replacing the pRead more
“The tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy” is partially correct. During the period between 1973 and 2003, the production in the tertiary sector has increased to the extent that it has emerged as the largest producing sector in India replacing the primary sector. It has more share in GDP than other sectors. There are several reasons for such a share in GDP as mentioned below:
See less(i) Basic services i.e., hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph services, defence, banks etc. are being provided by the government in the developing countries.
(ii) The development of agriculture (primary sector) and industry (secondary sector) has led to development of services such as transport, trade and storage etc. in the tertiary sector.
(iii) Rise in income levels of the people has led to increase in their demands for more tourism facilities, shopping, better hospitals. Shopping malls, modern hospitals in big and metropolitan cities are examples of these services.
(iv) The rise of new services based on information and communication technology have become necessary in life. This has increased the importance of tertiary sector. However, the share of tertiary sector in employment has not increased in proportion to its increase in production. There are limited number of services that employ highly skilled and educated. workers. Avery large number of workers such as shopkeepers, repair workers barely manage to earn a living. They do not have any alternative opportunities for work. Thus, only a part of this sector is growing in importance. Not enough jobs have been created in the tertiary sector.
Is it correct to say that environmental degradation is not just a national issue? Illustrate with examples.
It is correct to say that environmental degradation is not just a national issue. It is no longer region or nation specific. Development has caused a high degree of environmental degradation in many countries. When the 'tsunami' hit the South and South-East Asian coasts, various countries of the worRead more
It is correct to say that environmental degradation is not just a national issue. It is no longer region or nation specific. Development has caused a high degree of environmental degradation in many countries. When the ‘tsunami’ hit the South and South-East Asian coasts, various countries of the world came forward to help the victims. The ice in the Arctic and Antarctic is melting because of increased emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This may cause floods in low lying areas like Bangladesh and the Maldives.
See lessIn the long run, the ecology crisis will adversely affect all of us. Actions of one country affect not only other countries but future generations as well. If all non-renewable resources are exhausted, then nothing will be left for future generations. Thus, the environmental degrade- tion has become an international issue and must be tackled by all countries jointly, otherwise future generations will suffer all over the world.
Explain the various ways in which the religious differences are expressed in the field of politics. What are their effects?
(a) The religious differences are expressed in the field of politics in the following ways: (l) Religion cannot be separated from politics: Gandhiji considered religion a part of politics. Man's activities cannot be divided into water-tight compartments. He believed that without religion, politics wRead more
(a) The religious differences are expressed in the field of politics in the following ways:
See less(l) Religion cannot be separated from politics: Gandhiji considered religion a part of politics. Man’s activities cannot be divided into water-tight compartments. He believed that without religion, politics would be dirty and a shameful game. Religion brings morality into politics. He believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.
(ii) Government to protect religious minorities: Human rights groups are of the view that the communal riots in the country affect the religious minorities – who are the only victims in such incidents. They demand that the government should protect the religious minorities.
(iii) Family laws: Women’s movement has argued that the family laws of all religions discriminate against women. They demand that steps should be taken by the government to enhance their rights and to bring equality between men and women.
(b) Effects of relationship between religion and politics: (l) There is nothing wrong in relationship between religion and politics as long as they treat every religion equally. In a democracy, people can express their demands and needs as a member of a religious community. All religions emphasise on moral values and politics should be guided by them. However, if necessary, the government should take steps to prevent discrimination and oppression. For example, in India, government can take steps and interfere in religious matters.
(ii) However, when religion is expressed in exclusive and partisan terms, it leads to effects like the partition of India in 1947.
Compare and contrast the federal system of government with unitary sys- tem of government.
Two systems of government i.e., federal system and unitary system can be compared as given below: Federal Government: (i) There are two or more levels of governments e.g., National, State and Local governments. (ii) There is division of powers between different Levels of governments. (iii) State govRead more
Two systems of government i.e., federal system and unitary system can be compared as given below:
See lessFederal Government: (i) There are two or more levels of governments e.g., National, State and Local governments.
(ii) There is division of powers between different Levels of governments.
(iii) State governments are not answerable to the Central or National Government.
(iv) Jurisdiction of each government i.e., state and central is specified in the constitution.
(v) Constitutional amendment cannot be made without the consent of the state governments.
(vi) Courts such as Supreme Court of India safeguards and interprets the Constitution.
(vii) Sources of revenue are divided among different levels of government.
Unitary Government: (i) Generally, there is only one level of government. In case of
sub-units, they are subordinate to the national government.
(ii) There is no division of powers. The Central or National Government has all the powers.
(iii) The state governments or sub-units are answerable to the Central Government.
(iv) AII powers are with the Central Government. There is no separate Jurisdiction for the sub-unites. The Central Government can grant them powers and take back at any time.
(v) The Central Government alone can make constitutional amendment like an ordinary law.
(vi) Courts do not enjoy such powers.
(vii) Sources of revenue are controlled by the Central Government.
What steps were taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production?
The government took the flowing steps to ensure increase in agricultural production: (a) Technological and institutional reforms were introduced. (b) After independence collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of Zamindari were given top priority. (c) 'Land Reform' wasRead more
The government took the flowing steps to ensure increase in agricultural production:
See less(a) Technological and institutional reforms were introduced.
(b) After independence collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of Zamindari were given top priority.
(c) ‘Land Reform’ was the main the main focus of the First Five Year Plan.
(d) The strategies of package technology and the White Revolution (Operation Flood) were initiated to increase agricultural production.
(e) Provision for crop insurance, establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were the steps that were taken by the government.
(f) In addition to above the Government of India made efforts to modernise agriculture. Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities, veterinary services and animal breeding centres, horticulture development, research and development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast were given priority for improving agriculture.
(g) The rural infrastructure was also improved.
Describe the subject-matter of novels Europe.
(i) Novels are written about ordinary people and their life. (ii) After industrialisation, many changes took place in the lives of the people and the unemployment in the cities. Novelists such as Charles Dickens wrote about effects of industrialisation on people's lives in his novel 'Hard Times' inRead more
(i) Novels are written about ordinary people and their life.
See less(ii) After industrialisation, many changes took place in the lives of the people and the unemployment in the cities. Novelists such as Charles Dickens wrote about effects of industrialisation on people’s lives in his novel ‘Hard Times’ in which humans became simple instruments of production to earn more profit. Thus, he focused on the terrible conditions of urban life under industrial capitalism. His fictitious town – Cohetown – is a place full of machinery smoking chimney and polluted rivers. The workers are known as ‘hands’ in this town and have no identity other than as operators of machines.
(iii) Emile Zola’s Germinal was written about the grim conditions of miners’1ife.
(iv) Thomas Hardy wrote about traditional rural communities of England that were fast vanishing. This change was highlighted by Thomas Hardy in his novel Mayor of Casterbridge.
(u) Many women novelists wrote about the domestic life on the basis of their experience. They wrote about women who broke established norms of society. The example of such novels is Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre that was published in 1874.
Why did the new-technology i.e. mechanical printing as developed by Johann Gutenberg not displace not displace the art of producing books by hand? what were the effects of new technology?
(a) The new technology did not entirely displace the existing art of producing books by hand due to following reasons: (l) The printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout because the metal letters imitated the ornamental hand-written styles. (ii) BordersRead more
(a) The new technology did not entirely displace the existing art of producing books by hand due to following reasons:
See less(l) The printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout because the metal letters imitated the ornamental hand-written styles.
(ii) Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns.
(iii) Illustrations were painted.
(iv) In the books printed for the rich, space for decoration was kept blank on the printed page, so that the purchaser could get it designed as he desired.
(b) But in spite of the above facts, the new technology became popular because between 1450 and 1550, printing presses were set up in most of the countries of Europe. The number of printed books increased from 20 million copies in the second half of the 15th century to 200 million copies in the 16th century. Thus shift from hand printing to mechanical printing brought a print revolution.
Outline the changes in technology and society which led to an increases in readers of the novel in eighteenth century Europe.
The changes in technology and society which led to an increase in readers of the novel in eighteenth century Europe were as follows: (l) Earlier manuscripts were hand written and circulated among very few people. On the other hand novels were being printed. Therefore, novels were widely read and becRead more
The changes in technology and society which led to an increase in readers of the novel in eighteenth century Europe were as follows:
See less(l) Earlier manuscripts were hand written and circulated among very few people. On the other hand novels were being printed. Therefore, novels were widely read and became popular very quickly.
(ii) Technological improvements in printing brought down the price of books. Novel was one of the first mass-produced items to be sold in Europe.
(iii) New groups of lower-middle-class people, such as shopkeepers and clerks, traditional aristocratic and gentlemanly classes in England and France formed new readership for novels.
(iv) ln the eighteenth century, the middle-classes became more prosperous. Women got more leisure to read as well as write novels.
(v) Circulating libraries were introduced which enabled people to have easier access to books.
(vi) In 1836 Charles Dicken’s Pickwick Papers was serialised in a magazine. As the magazines were attractive, it further increased the readership of novels like viewers of television soaps today.
What did the spread of print culture in nineteenth century India mean to women?
The spread of print culture in nineteenth century India was very important in the following ways for the women: (i) Lives and feelings of women began to be written in clear ways. (ii) Women's reading increased enormously in middle-class homes. (iii) Liberal husbands and fathers started educating womRead more
The spread of print culture in nineteenth century India was very important in the following ways for the women:
See less(i) Lives and feelings of women began to be written in clear ways.
(ii) Women’s reading increased enormously in middle-class homes.
(iii) Liberal husbands and fathers started educating women at home. When women
schools were opened after the mid-nineteenth century, they sent them to schools for education.
(iv) Articles were written in journals about the need of education for women. Sometimes syllabus and suitable reading material was published which could be used for home-based schooling. Thus print culture helped in the improvement of condition of women in the society. Some of them wrote books and autobiographies. For example, Rashsundari Debi wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban which was published in 1876. Kailashbashini Debi (Bengal), Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai (Maharashtra) were famous women writers.
What led to the major expansion of Bombay’s population in the mid-nineteenth century?
The major expansion of Bombay's population in the mid-nineteenth century was due to the following reasons: (l) In the beginning, it was a major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat. In the nineteenth century, the city functioned as a port through which large quantities of raw materials such as coRead more
The major expansion of Bombay’s population in the mid-nineteenth century was due
See lessto the following reasons:
(l) In the beginning, it was a major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat. In the nineteenth century, the city functioned as a port through which large quantities of raw materials such as cotton and opium would pass.
(ii) Bombay became capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1819, after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo-Maratha war. This led to its expansion.
(iii) As the trade of cotton and opium grew, large communities of traders and bankers, artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay.
(lv) The establishment of textile mills led to a fresh surge in migration. By 1921, there were 85 cotton mills with about 146,000 workers.
(v) Maritime trade also attracted a large number of people to the city.
(vi) Bombay was at the junction head of two major railways. The railways also encouraged migration into the city.
(vii) The famine in the dry regions of Kutchh drove large numbers of people into Bombay in 1888-89. As a result of above factors the population of Bombay increased form 644,405 in 1872 to nearly 1,500,000 in 1941.