The Constitution of India dos not grant equal power to all States. Some States enjoy special status as given below:
(i) Jammu and Kashmir: Under Article 370, the concurrence of the state is required for making laws in matters mentioned in the Union and Concurrent Lists. Jammu and Kashmir has its own Constitution. Again Indiana who are not permanent residents of this State cannot buy land or house there. Amendments to the Indian Constitution under Article 368 cannot apply without the constitution of the J and K government.
(ii) North-Eastern and smaller states have been given more representation in the Rajya sabha.
(iii) North-Eastern states such as Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram have a sizeable indigenous tribal population with a distinct history and culture which can be retained under Article 371.
(iv) There are areas which are too small to become an independent State but which could not be merged with any of the exiting States. Such areas are like Chandigarh or Lakshadweep or the Capital city of Delhi. These are known as Union Territories and are run by the Central Government.

(a) The novels developed in India in the nineteenth century as Indians became familiar with the Western novel.
(b) Causes for the development of novel in India were as follows:
(i) Development of the vernaculars, print : and a reading public helped in the development of novel. One of the earliest, Indian novels in Marathi was Baba Padmanji’s Yamuan Paryatan (1857) which used a simple style of storytelling to speak about the plight of window.
(ii) Novelists also wrote for a cause because the colonial rulers treated the Indian culture as inferior. So Indian novelists wrote to produce a sense of national belonging and cultural equality. This helped in the development of novel in India.
(iii) Translations of novels into different regional languages too helped in its development.

The above statement is true. His characters are drawn from all levels of society’ His character’s include aristocrats and landlords middle level peasants, landless labourers, middle class professionals and people from margins of society. The women characters are strong individuals, especially those who come from the lower classes and are not modernised. His characters create a community based on democratic values. In his Rangbhoomi, Surdas, an ‘untouchable’ is hero who struggles against the forcible take over of his land for establishing a tobacco factory. This reflects the impact of industrialisation on society and people. The story of surdas was inspired by Gandhi’s personality and ideas. Thus, novel played significant role in the nation making. His novel sewasadan deals with the poor condition of women in society as well as tells us how the upper classes used the opportunities they got to govern themselves. Godan (the Gift of cow), published in 1936 is Premchand’s best known work’ It is an epic of the Indian peasantry. It is about the story of Hori and his wife Dhania, a peasant couple and Iandlords, moneylenders, priests and colonial bureaucrats. These people rob their land and make them into landless labourers but they retain their dignity to the end.

The various marginal groups in London were as given below:
(i) Criminals: There were about 20,000 criminals living in London in the 1870s. In fact they were poor people. They stole lead from roofs, food from shops, lumps of coal and clothes drying on hedges. There were cheats, pick pockets and petty thieves among them too. According to Henry Mayhew, many labourers used to make a living from crime.
(ii) Women: A large number of women worked in factories in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. With technological developments they, however, lost their jobs and shifted to work within households as domestic servants. Some started other works like tailoring, washing or match-box making. During First World war they were employed in wartime industries and offices.
(iii) Children: Large number of children worked in the factories. They were, however’ paid low wages. Under such circumstances, many children turned to criminal activities because they could earn more from thieving. Andrew Mearns, a clergy man in his book The Bitter cry of Outcast London in the 1880, wrote that crime was more profitable than labouring in small Underpaid factories.

(l) Food offers long distance cultural exchange in distant parts of the world. Travelers and traders introduced new crops to the lands they travelled. Even ‘ready’ foodstuff in distant parts of the world might share common origins. For example, noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti. Arab traders took pasta to fifth century Sicily (Italy). Similar foods were known to the Indians and Japanese people. Their origins cannot be ascertained, but the fact remains that there was long-distance cultural contact even in the pre-modern World.
(ii) Our major common foods are potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes. These were not known in India until about five centuries ago.
(iii) These were introduced in Europe and Asia after the discovery of Americas by
Christopher Columbus. Actually many of our common foods came from America’s original inhabitants i.e., the American Indians.