The factors that led to reading mania in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe were as mentioned below: (i) Rise in literacy rate: Churches opened schools in villages. This increased the rate of literacy among peasants and artisans. In some parts of Europe, literacy rate went up to 60 tRead more
The factors that led to reading mania in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe were as mentioned below:
(i) Rise in literacy rate: Churches opened schools in villages. This increased the rate of literacy among peasants and artisans. In some parts of Europe, literacy rate went up to 60 to 80 per cent. It encouraged people to read more and more books which were printed in increasing numbers.
(ii) New forms of popular literature: New forms of popular literature, such as
almanacs or ritual calendars, folktales, Chapbooks, Biliotheque Bleue, were printed. Booksellers employed peddlers for sale of this printed literature. Chapbooks were sold for a penny and the poor could buy such books easily. Books of various sizes, serving many different purposes and interests were published.
(iii) Rise of periodical press: From the early eighteenth century, the periodical press printed information about current affairs with entertainment. Newspapers and journals wrote about wars and trade, and developments in other places.
(iv) Ideas of scientists and philosophers: The ideas of scientists and philosophers were published with maps and scientific diagrams. It attracted people. For example, the discoveries of Isaac Newton influenced large number of people.
The print played a significant role in bringing about a division in the Roman Catholic Church' There were many malpractices in the church. Ordinary people were exploited by the clergies. A movement known as protestant reformation was started in the sixteenth century to reform the catholic church domRead more
The print played a significant role in bringing about a division in the Roman Catholic Church’ There were many malpractices in the church. Ordinary people were exploited by the clergies. A movement known as protestant reformation was started in the sixteenth century to reform the catholic church dominated by Rome. Martin Luther was one of the main protestant reformers. In 1517, Luther wrote Ninety-Five Theses criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. A printed copy of this was pasted on a church door in Wittenberg’ It challenged the church to debate his ideas. Luther’s writings were reproduced in vast numbers and read widely. This led to a division within the church and helped to-spread the new ideas that led to the beginning of protestant Reformation.
The ideas of scientists and philosophers became more accessible to the common people due to the following Factors: (i) Ancient and medieval scientific text were compiled and published and maps and scientific diagrams were widely printed. (ii) When scientists like Isacc Newton began to publish theirRead more
The ideas of scientists and philosophers became more accessible to the common people due to the following Factors:
(i) Ancient and medieval scientific text were compiled and published and maps and
scientific diagrams were widely printed.
(ii) When scientists like Isacc Newton began to publish their discoveries, they could influence a much wider circle of scientifically minded, readers
(iii) The writings of thinkers such as Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseau were also widely printed and read.
Thus their ideas about science, reason and rationality found their way into popular literature too.
The significance of newspapers and journals in the early 18th century was as given below: (i) Newspaper and journals carried information about war and trade. (ii) They provided new of development in other places. (iii) The ideas of scientists and philosophers became more accessible to the common peoRead more
The significance of newspapers and journals in the early 18th century was as given below:
(i) Newspaper and journals carried information about war and trade.
(ii) They provided new of development in other places.
(iii) The ideas of scientists and philosophers became more accessible to the common people.
(iv) Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and published.
(v) Map and scientific diagrams were widely printed.
(vi) Writings of thinkers like Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Rousseau were printed and read by the people.
Some people feared the effect of easily available printed books because rebellious and irreligious thoughts might affect the minds of the people. If that happened, the authority of 'valuable 'literature would be destroyed. For example, in Europe. the writings of Martin Luther - Ninety-Five Theses leRead more
Some people feared the effect of easily available printed books because rebellious and irreligious thoughts might affect the minds of the people. If that happened, the authority of ‘valuable ‘literature would be destroyed. For example, in Europe. the writings of Martin Luther – Ninety-Five Theses led to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
Similarly, in India easy availability of books led to discontentment among the Indians and encouraged them to take part in the freedom movement. The government was afraid of such writings and kept continuous track of all books and newspapers published in India and passed numerous laws.
The impact of print revolution in Europe was as given below: (i) A new reading public: A new reading public emerged because printing reduced the cost of books. Books could be produced at a faster rate and were available in the market in large numbers. (il) New culture of reading: Earlier books wereRead more
The impact of print revolution in Europe was as given below:
(i) A new reading public: A new reading public emerged because printing reduced the cost of books. Books could be produced at a faster rate and were available in the market in large numbers.
(il) New culture of reading: Earlier books were read by the elites. Common people were illiterate and knowledge was transferred orally. Print revolution transformed hearing public to reading public. Printers published popular ballads and folk tales and illustrated such books with pictures. These were then sung and recited at gatherings in villages and in taverns in towns. Oral culture thus entered print and printed material was orally transmitted.
(iii) Religious debates and the fear of print: Print revolution led to printing of debates and discussion on religious matters. All types of views, in favour or against, were published. This had great impact on the minds of the people. For example, Martin Luther’s Ninety -five- theses criticising the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church led to a division within the
Church.
(iv) Print revolution and dissent: Print resolution led to distinctive interpretations of faith even among little educated working people. For example, Menocchio, a miller in Italy, reinterpreted the Bible in his own way that enraged the Roman Catholica Church.
Main features of the first printed Bible: (i) The text was printed in the new Gutenberg press with metal type. (ii) The borders were carefully designed, painted and illuminated by hand by artists. (iii) No two copies were the same. Every page of each copy was different. (iv) Even when two copies looRead more
Main features of the first printed Bible:
(i) The text was printed in the new Gutenberg press with metal type.
(ii) The borders were carefully designed, painted and illuminated by hand by artists.
(iii) No two copies were the same. Every page of each copy was different.
(iv) Even when two copies look similar, a careful comparison will reveal differences.
(v) There was lack of uniformity and every copy could be claimed as unique. for no one else owned a copy that was exactly the same.
(a) manuscripts were documents or books written by hand. (b) short coming or causes for invention of print technology: (i) They could not satisfy the ever increasing demand for books. (ii) They were expensive as copying was an expensive, laborious and time consuming business. (iii) Manuscripts wereRead more
(a) manuscripts were documents or books written by hand.
(b) short coming or causes for invention of print technology:
(i) They could not satisfy the ever increasing demand for books.
(ii) They were expensive as copying was an expensive, laborious and time consuming business.
(iii) Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not ire carried around or read easily.
(iv) Their circulation, therefore, remained limited.
(c) Resemblances:
(i) The metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten style.
(ii) Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns.
(iii) Illustrations were painted.
the expanded demand for books in Europe was met in the following ways: (i) Booksellers all over Europe began exporting books to many different countries. (ii) Book fairs were held at different places. (iii) Production of handwritten manuscripts also continued to meet the expanded demand. Skilled hanRead more
the expanded demand for books in Europe was met in the following ways:
(i) Booksellers all over Europe began exporting books to many different countries.
(ii) Book fairs were held at different places.
(iii) Production of handwritten manuscripts also continued to meet the expanded demand. Skilled handwrites were employed by booksellers. sometimes more than 50 scribes were employed bookseller.
(iv) Woodblock printing was widely used to meet the demand.
But in spite of the above efforts, there was still a great need for even quicker and cheaper reproduction of texts which was fulfilled by the development of the printing press by Johann Gutenberg in the 1430s.
The different stages regarding coming of print technology to Europe were as given below: (l) In the eleventh century, Chinese paper reached Europe via silk route. This helped in the production of manuscripts that were written by scribes. (ii) In 1295 Marco Polo brought knowledge of woodblock printinRead more
The different stages regarding coming of print technology to Europe were as given below:
(l) In the eleventh century, Chinese paper reached Europe via silk route. This helped in
the production of manuscripts that were written by scribes.
(ii) In 1295 Marco Polo brought knowledge of woodblock printing from China. Books were Now produced with woodblocks. From here this technology spread to other parts of Europe.
(iii) However luxury editions were still hand written on vellum meant for aristocratic people and rich monastic libraries.
(iv) As tire demand for books increased, the hand-written manuscripts could not satisfy it. Thus, woodblock printing became popular. By the early fifteenth century. woodblocks were widely used in Europe to print textiles, playing cards, and religious pictures with simple, brief texts.
How did the printing press bring change in reading culture?
The factors that led to reading mania in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe were as mentioned below: (i) Rise in literacy rate: Churches opened schools in villages. This increased the rate of literacy among peasants and artisans. In some parts of Europe, literacy rate went up to 60 tRead more
The factors that led to reading mania in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe were as mentioned below:
See less(i) Rise in literacy rate: Churches opened schools in villages. This increased the rate of literacy among peasants and artisans. In some parts of Europe, literacy rate went up to 60 to 80 per cent. It encouraged people to read more and more books which were printed in increasing numbers.
(ii) New forms of popular literature: New forms of popular literature, such as
almanacs or ritual calendars, folktales, Chapbooks, Biliotheque Bleue, were printed. Booksellers employed peddlers for sale of this printed literature. Chapbooks were sold for a penny and the poor could buy such books easily. Books of various sizes, serving many different purposes and interests were published.
(iii) Rise of periodical press: From the early eighteenth century, the periodical press printed information about current affairs with entertainment. Newspapers and journals wrote about wars and trade, and developments in other places.
(iv) Ideas of scientists and philosophers: The ideas of scientists and philosophers were published with maps and scientific diagrams. It attracted people. For example, the discoveries of Isaac Newton influenced large number of people.
How did the print help to spread. new ideas that led to the Reformation in Europe?
The print played a significant role in bringing about a division in the Roman Catholic Church' There were many malpractices in the church. Ordinary people were exploited by the clergies. A movement known as protestant reformation was started in the sixteenth century to reform the catholic church domRead more
The print played a significant role in bringing about a division in the Roman Catholic Church’ There were many malpractices in the church. Ordinary people were exploited by the clergies. A movement known as protestant reformation was started in the sixteenth century to reform the catholic church dominated by Rome. Martin Luther was one of the main protestant reformers. In 1517, Luther wrote Ninety-Five Theses criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. A printed copy of this was pasted on a church door in Wittenberg’ It challenged the church to debate his ideas. Luther’s writings were reproduced in vast numbers and read widely. This led to a division within the church and helped to-spread the new ideas that led to the beginning of protestant Reformation.
See lessHow did the ideas of scientists and philosophers become more accessible to common people at the onset of print revolution in Europe?
The ideas of scientists and philosophers became more accessible to the common people due to the following Factors: (i) Ancient and medieval scientific text were compiled and published and maps and scientific diagrams were widely printed. (ii) When scientists like Isacc Newton began to publish theirRead more
The ideas of scientists and philosophers became more accessible to the common people due to the following Factors:
See less(i) Ancient and medieval scientific text were compiled and published and maps and
scientific diagrams were widely printed.
(ii) When scientists like Isacc Newton began to publish their discoveries, they could influence a much wider circle of scientifically minded, readers
(iii) The writings of thinkers such as Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseau were also widely printed and read.
Thus their ideas about science, reason and rationality found their way into popular literature too.
Explain the significance of newspapers and journals developed in the early 18th century. Give any three suitable examples.
The significance of newspapers and journals in the early 18th century was as given below: (i) Newspaper and journals carried information about war and trade. (ii) They provided new of development in other places. (iii) The ideas of scientists and philosophers became more accessible to the common peoRead more
The significance of newspapers and journals in the early 18th century was as given below:
See less(i) Newspaper and journals carried information about war and trade.
(ii) They provided new of development in other places.
(iii) The ideas of scientists and philosophers became more accessible to the common people.
(iv) Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and published.
(v) Map and scientific diagrams were widely printed.
(vi) Writings of thinkers like Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Rousseau were printed and read by the people.
Why did some people fear the effect of easily available printed books? Choose one example from Europe and one form India.
Some people feared the effect of easily available printed books because rebellious and irreligious thoughts might affect the minds of the people. If that happened, the authority of 'valuable 'literature would be destroyed. For example, in Europe. the writings of Martin Luther - Ninety-Five Theses leRead more
Some people feared the effect of easily available printed books because rebellious and irreligious thoughts might affect the minds of the people. If that happened, the authority of ‘valuable ‘literature would be destroyed. For example, in Europe. the writings of Martin Luther – Ninety-Five Theses led to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
See lessSimilarly, in India easy availability of books led to discontentment among the Indians and encouraged them to take part in the freedom movement. The government was afraid of such writings and kept continuous track of all books and newspapers published in India and passed numerous laws.
What was the impact of print revolution?
The impact of print revolution in Europe was as given below: (i) A new reading public: A new reading public emerged because printing reduced the cost of books. Books could be produced at a faster rate and were available in the market in large numbers. (il) New culture of reading: Earlier books wereRead more
The impact of print revolution in Europe was as given below:
See less(i) A new reading public: A new reading public emerged because printing reduced the cost of books. Books could be produced at a faster rate and were available in the market in large numbers.
(il) New culture of reading: Earlier books were read by the elites. Common people were illiterate and knowledge was transferred orally. Print revolution transformed hearing public to reading public. Printers published popular ballads and folk tales and illustrated such books with pictures. These were then sung and recited at gatherings in villages and in taverns in towns. Oral culture thus entered print and printed material was orally transmitted.
(iii) Religious debates and the fear of print: Print revolution led to printing of debates and discussion on religious matters. All types of views, in favour or against, were published. This had great impact on the minds of the people. For example, Martin Luther’s Ninety -five- theses criticising the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church led to a division within the
Church.
(iv) Print revolution and dissent: Print resolution led to distinctive interpretations of faith even among little educated working people. For example, Menocchio, a miller in Italy, reinterpreted the Bible in his own way that enraged the Roman Catholica Church.
Explain the main features. of the first printed Bible.
Main features of the first printed Bible: (i) The text was printed in the new Gutenberg press with metal type. (ii) The borders were carefully designed, painted and illuminated by hand by artists. (iii) No two copies were the same. Every page of each copy was different. (iv) Even when two copies looRead more
Main features of the first printed Bible:
See less(i) The text was printed in the new Gutenberg press with metal type.
(ii) The borders were carefully designed, painted and illuminated by hand by artists.
(iii) No two copies were the same. Every page of each copy was different.
(iv) Even when two copies look similar, a careful comparison will reveal differences.
(v) There was lack of uniformity and every copy could be claimed as unique. for no one else owned a copy that was exactly the same.
What is a manuscript? Give four shortcomings or manuscripts.
(a) manuscripts were documents or books written by hand. (b) short coming or causes for invention of print technology: (i) They could not satisfy the ever increasing demand for books. (ii) They were expensive as copying was an expensive, laborious and time consuming business. (iii) Manuscripts wereRead more
(a) manuscripts were documents or books written by hand.
See less(b) short coming or causes for invention of print technology:
(i) They could not satisfy the ever increasing demand for books.
(ii) They were expensive as copying was an expensive, laborious and time consuming business.
(iii) Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not ire carried around or read easily.
(iv) Their circulation, therefore, remained limited.
(c) Resemblances:
(i) The metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten style.
(ii) Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns.
(iii) Illustrations were painted.
How was the increase in demand for books met in Europe in the fourteenth century?
the expanded demand for books in Europe was met in the following ways: (i) Booksellers all over Europe began exporting books to many different countries. (ii) Book fairs were held at different places. (iii) Production of handwritten manuscripts also continued to meet the expanded demand. Skilled hanRead more
the expanded demand for books in Europe was met in the following ways:
See less(i) Booksellers all over Europe began exporting books to many different countries.
(ii) Book fairs were held at different places.
(iii) Production of handwritten manuscripts also continued to meet the expanded demand. Skilled handwrites were employed by booksellers. sometimes more than 50 scribes were employed bookseller.
(iv) Woodblock printing was widely used to meet the demand.
But in spite of the above efforts, there was still a great need for even quicker and cheaper reproduction of texts which was fulfilled by the development of the printing press by Johann Gutenberg in the 1430s.
Describe the different stages regarding coming of print technology to Europe before the development of printing press by Johann Gutenberg.
The different stages regarding coming of print technology to Europe were as given below: (l) In the eleventh century, Chinese paper reached Europe via silk route. This helped in the production of manuscripts that were written by scribes. (ii) In 1295 Marco Polo brought knowledge of woodblock printinRead more
The different stages regarding coming of print technology to Europe were as given below:
See less(l) In the eleventh century, Chinese paper reached Europe via silk route. This helped in
the production of manuscripts that were written by scribes.
(ii) In 1295 Marco Polo brought knowledge of woodblock printing from China. Books were Now produced with woodblocks. From here this technology spread to other parts of Europe.
(iii) However luxury editions were still hand written on vellum meant for aristocratic people and rich monastic libraries.
(iv) As tire demand for books increased, the hand-written manuscripts could not satisfy it. Thus, woodblock printing became popular. By the early fifteenth century. woodblocks were widely used in Europe to print textiles, playing cards, and religious pictures with simple, brief texts.