1. Pastoral community in different parts of the world was affected in a variety of ways by changes in the modern world. (i) New laws and new borders affected the patterns of their movement. with increasing restrictions on their mobility pastoralists found it difficult to move in search of pastures. (iiRead more

    Pastoral community in different parts of the world was affected in a variety of ways by changes in the modern world.
    (i) New laws and new borders affected the patterns of their movement. with increasing restrictions on their mobility pastoralists found it difficult to move in search of pastures.
    (ii) As pasture lands disappeared, grazing became a problem and pastures deteriorated through continuous overgrazing.
    (iii) Times of drought became times of crises, when cattle died in large numbers.

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  2. (i) The warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for. The protection of the tribe. (ii) They defended the community and organised cattle raids. Raiding was important in a society where cattle was wealth. It is through raids that the power of different pastoral groups was asserted. (iRead more

    (i) The warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for. The protection of the tribe.
    (ii) They defended the community and organised cattle raids. Raiding was important in a society where cattle was wealth. It is through raids that the power of different pastoral groups was asserted.
    (iii) Young men came to be recognised as members of the warrior class, when they proved their manliness by raiding the cattle of other pastoral groups and participating in wars. They, however were subject to the authority of the elders.

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  3. (i) Large areas of grazing land were also turned into game reserves like the Maasai Mara and Samburu National Park in Kenya and Serengeti Park in Tanzania. (ii) Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves; they could neither hunt animals nor- graze their herds in those arrears. (iii) VeryRead more

    (i) Large areas of grazing land were also turned into game reserves like the Maasai Mara and Samburu National Park in Kenya and Serengeti Park in Tanzania.
    (ii) Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves; they could neither hunt animals nor- graze their herds in those arrears.
    (iii) Very often these reserves were in areas that had traditionally been regular grazing grounds for Maasai herds.

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  4. (i) Britain conquered what had been German East Africa during the First World war. (ii) In 1919, Thnganyika came under British control. (iii) It attained independence in 1961 and united with zanzlbar ro form Tanzania 1964.

    (i) Britain conquered what had been German East Africa during the First World war.
    (ii) In 1919, Thnganyika came under British control.
    (iii) It attained independence in 1961 and united with zanzlbar ro form
    Tanzania 1964.

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  5. (i) By the end of April, they began their northern march tor their summer grazing grounds. (ii) Several households came together for this journey, forming what is known as Kafila. They crossed the Pir Panjal passes and entered the valley of Kashmir. (iii) With the onset of summer, the snow melted anRead more

    (i) By the end of April, they began their northern march tor their summer grazing grounds.
    (ii) Several households came together for this journey, forming what is known as Kafila. They crossed the Pir Panjal passes and entered the valley of Kashmir.
    (iii) With the onset of summer, the snow melted and the mountain sides were lush green. The variety of grasses the sprouted, provided rich nutritious forage for the animal herds.
    (iv) By the end of September the Bakarwals were on the move again, this time on their downward journey back to their winter base. When the high mountains were covered with snow, the herds were grazed in the low hills.

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