1. Effects of using manures on soil quality: The manures enrich the soil with nutrients. They provide a lot of organic matter (humus) to the soil and thus restores water retention capacity of sandy soils and drainage in clayey soil. The addition of manures reduces soil erosion.  They provide food for sRead more

    Effects of using manures on soil quality:

    1. The manures enrich the soil with nutrients.
    2. They provide a lot of organic matter (humus) to the soil and thus restores water retention capacity of sandy soils and drainage in clayey soil.
    3. The addition of manures reduces soil erosion.
    4.  They provide food for soil organisms, like soil friendly bacteria.

    Effects of using fertilizers on soil quality:

    1. By the continuous use of fertilizers, the soil becomes powdery, dry and rate of soil erosion increases.
    2. By the use of fertilizers, the organic matter decreases which further decreases the porosity of soil and the plant roots do not get oxygen properly,
    3. The nature of soil changes to acidic or basic.
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  2. Macro-nutrients are the essential elements which are utilised by plants in large quantities. Many macro-nutrients are required by the plants for the following functions: As the constituent of protoplasm N, P, S are present in proteins Ca is present in cell wall Mg is important constituent of chloropRead more

    Macro-nutrients are the essential elements which are utilised by plants in large quantities. Many macro-nutrients are required by the plants for the following functions:

    • As the constituent of protoplasm
    • N, P, S are present in proteins
    • Ca is present in cell wall
    • Mg is important constituent of chlorophyll
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  3. Factors responsible for loss of grains, during storage and production are: (a) Biotic factors like rodents, pests, insects, etc. (b) Abiotic factors like temperature, humidity, moisture, etc. Combination of both biotic and abiotic factors causes : infestation of insects weight loss poor germinationRead more

    Factors responsible for loss of grains, during storage and production are:
    (a) Biotic factors like rodents, pests, insects, etc.
    (b) Abiotic factors like temperature, humidity, moisture, etc.
    Combination of both biotic and abiotic factors causes :

    1. infestation of insects
    2. weight loss
    3. poor germination ability
    4. degradation in quality
    5. discolouration
    6. poor market price
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  4. (i) Rigidity: The tendency of a substance to retain/maintain their shape when subjected to outside force. (ii) Compressibility: The matter has intermolecular space. The external force applied on the matter can bring these particles closer. This property is called compressibility. Gases and liquids aRead more

    (i) Rigidity: The tendency of a substance to retain/maintain their shape when subjected to outside force.
    (ii) Compressibility: The matter has intermolecular space. The external force applied on the matter can bring these particles closer. This property is called compressibility. Gases and liquids are compressible.
    (iii) Fluidity: The tendency of particles to flow is called fluidity. Liquids and gases flow.
    (iv) Filling of a gas container: Gases have particles which vibrate randomly in all the directions. The gas can fill the container.
    (v) Shape: Solids have maximum intermolecular force and definite shape.
    Whereas liquids and gases takes the shape of container.
    (vi) Kinetic energy: The energy possessed by particles due to their motion is called kinetic energy. Molecules of gases vibrate randomly as they have maximum kinetic energy.
    (vii) Density: It is defined as mass per unit volume, the solids have highest density.

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