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Ayushree

Khizr Khan, founder of the Sayyid Dynasty, accepted the nominal suzerainty of the Timurid ruler Mirza Shahrukh. After Timur’s invasion, Khizr Khan was appointed governor of Delhi and later established his rule but continued to acknowledge the Timurid overlordship. He ...

Ayushree

Alauddin Khalji was the first Sultan to maintain a large, permanent standing army directly under the state. He expanded it to protect India from Mongol invasions and enforce his administrative reforms. He paid soldiers in cash and introduced branding of ...

Ayushree

Kitab-ul-Hind, written by Alberuni, is called the “mirror of 11th-century India” because it accurately describes Indian society, religion, customs, sciences, geography and philosophy. Alberuni’s unbiased and scientific approach makes the book a reliable source for understanding India during Mahmud Ghaznavi’s ...

Ayushree

The Battle of Vaihind (1008–09) was fought between Mahmud Ghaznavi and Anandpal, the Hindu Shahi ruler. Anandpal organized several Rajput chiefs to resist Mahmud’s advance, but internal disunity weakened the confederacy. Mahmud’s superior cavalry and tactics led to his victory, ...