Barani stated that Alauddin Khilji ruled independently of orthodox Islamic law (Sharia). He believed kingship should not be controlled by religious scholars. Alauddin implemented strict administrative, revenue and market reforms based on political necessity rather than religious guidelines, asserting absolute ...
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When Alauddin Khilji invaded Devagiri in 1296, its ruler was Ramchandra Dev of the Yadava dynasty. He failed to resist Alauddin’s sudden attack effectively and was forced to surrender. Later, Alauddin treated him generously, restored his kingdom as a vassal ...
Statement (D) is false. Razia Sultan attempted to curb the power of the Turkish nobles (Chahalgani), not strengthen them. She tried to build a more inclusive administration by promoting capable non-Turks like Malik Yakut. Her reforms and assertiveness angered the ...
While Muhammad Ghori opened the path for Muslim rule in India, Qutbuddin Aibak is credited with founding the first independent Muslim state—the Delhi Sultanate—in 1206. After Ghori’s death, Aibak declared independence and ruled from Delhi and Lahore. His rise formally ...
The statement, “The Second Battle of Tarain should be considered the decisive battle that ensured the fundamental success of the Muslims in India. Subsequent invasions were merely its consequences,” is attributed to historian Ishwari Prasad. This battle (1192 CE) was ...