Maulana Abul Kalam Azad served as the President of the Indian National Congress for six consecutive years from 1940 to 1946. This was the longest continuous tenure in the pre-independence era. His presidency coincided with critical events like the Quit ...
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The Cripps Mission failed primarily because it offered “Dominion Status” with the right to secede for provinces, which the Congress viewed as a blueprint for the “Balkanization” of India. Sir Stafford Cripps adopted a rigid “take-it-or-leave-it” stance, refusing to grant ...
Subhas Chandra Bose first addressed Mahatma Gandhi as the ‘Father of the Nation’ (Rashtrapita) in a radio address from Singapore in July 1944. Despite their significant tactical and ideological differences regarding the use of force, Bose held deep personal respect ...
While Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer was the field officer who physically ordered the troops to fire, Michael O’Dwyer was the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab who sanctioned the harsh repressive measures. O’Dwyer fully supported Dyer’s actions, calling them “correct” and “justified” to ...
Mahatma Gandhi first used the hunger strike as a political tool during the Ahmedabad Mill Workers’ Strike in 1918. The workers were demanding a 35% wage hike (Plague Bonus), which the mill owners refused. To strengthen the workers’ resolve and ...