1. Reforms within political parties are essential for strengthening democracy because political parties are the backbone of democratic governance. However, many parties in India lack internal democracy, transparency and accountability. Reforms within political parties are vital to make democracy more eRead more

    Reforms within political parties are essential for strengthening democracy because political parties are the backbone of democratic governance. However, many parties in India lack internal democracy, transparency and accountability. Reforms within political parties are vital to make democracy more effective. The following points explain their importance:

    Promotes internal democracy: Regular elections within parties prevent domination by a few leaders or families.

    Ensures transparency: Public disclosure of party funds reduces corruption and misuse of money.

    Encourages fair candidate selection: Merit-based selection helps choose capable and honest representatives.

    Improves representation: Greater inclusion of women, youth and marginalized groups strengthens equality.

    Builds public trust: A transparent and democratic party system enhances citizens’ faith in democracy.

    Prevents authoritarian control: Internal checks and accountability mechanisms limit misuse of power.

    Example: The Election Commission of India promotes internal elections and transparency, urging parties to function democratically for a healthier political environment.

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  2. Role of the Election Commission: The Election Commission safeguards democracy by conducting free, fair and impartial elections in India. It regulates political parties, monitors election expenditure and enforces the Model Code of Conduct to prevent malpractices. It ensures that every eligible citizeRead more

    Role of the Election Commission:
    The Election Commission safeguards democracy by conducting free, fair and impartial elections in India. It regulates political parties, monitors election expenditure and enforces the Model Code of Conduct to prevent malpractices. It ensures that every eligible citizen can vote freely, thereby upholding the principle of popular sovereignty and equal representation.

    Role of the Supreme Court:
    The Supreme Court protects the Constitution by ensuring that all laws and actions of the government follow constitutional principles. Through judicial review, it strikes down unconstitutional laws and prevents abuse of power. It defends citizens’ fundamental rights and promotes justice, equality and rule of law.

    Together, both institutions maintain transparency, accountability and constitutional balance, strengthening the foundation of democracy and protecting the integrity of India’s political system.

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  3. (28.1): The principle of power sharing promotes democracy by decentralizing authority and involving citizens directly in decision-making. It prevents the concentration of power, ensures transparency and encourages participation at all levels of governance, thus strengthening equality, accountabilityRead more

    (28.1): The principle of power sharing promotes democracy by decentralizing authority and involving citizens directly in decision-making. It prevents the concentration of power, ensures transparency and encourages participation at all levels of governance, thus strengthening equality, accountability and the true spirit of people’s rule in a democratic system.

    (28.2): Women’s participation in Panchayati Raj has brought inclusiveness, social justice and efficiency to local governance. It has empowered women to voice community concerns, prioritize education, health and sanitation and reduce gender bias, leading to balanced development and greater representation in grassroots democratic institutions.

    (28.3): Panchayats play a vital role in village development by planning and implementing local welfare schemes. They improve infrastructure, education, health and sanitation facilities, ensure proper use of resources and promote people’s participation in governance, fostering self-reliance and democratic decision-making at the grassroots level.

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  4. Underemployment happens when more people are employed than necessary, leading to inefficient use of human resources. Workers may not get work according to their qualifications or skills and may earn less than their potential. This condition is often seen in the agricultural sector. Hence, the correcRead more

    Underemployment happens when more people are employed than necessary, leading to inefficient use of human resources. Workers may not get work according to their qualifications or skills and may earn less than their potential. This condition is often seen in the agricultural sector. Hence, the correct option is (A) More workers are employed than actually required.

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  5. ‘Average Income’, also known as per capita income, is calculated by dividing the total income of a country by its total population. It helps to measure and compare the overall economic condition, standard of living and development level of citizens across nations. However, it does not reflect incomeRead more

    ‘Average Income’, also known as per capita income, is calculated by dividing the total income of a country by its total population. It helps to measure and compare the overall economic condition, standard of living and development level of citizens across nations. However, it does not reflect income inequality. Hence, the correct option is (b).

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