The differences between the enclosures of the 16th century and enclosures of the late 18th century in England were as given below: 16th Century Enclosures:- (i) The sixteenth century enclosures promoted sheep farming because the price of wool had gone up in the world market and rich farmers wanted tRead more
The differences between the enclosures of the 16th century and enclosures of the late 18th century in England were as given below:
16th Century Enclosures:- (i) The sixteenth century enclosures promoted sheep farming because the price of wool had gone up in the world market and rich farmers wanted to expand wool production to earn profits. They were keen to improve their sheep breeds and ensure good feed for them. They aimed at having control over large areas of land in compact blocks to allow improved breeding.
(ii) These enclosures were usually created by individual landlords.
(iii) They did not get any support from the state or the Church.
(iv) The early enclosure movement proceeded very slowly till the middle of
the eighteenth century.
18th Century Enclosures:- (i) The 18th century enclosures were for increase in food production which was necessitated due to increase in population from 7 million in 1750 to 30 million in 1900. This was due to industrialisation that had resulted in the migration of population to towns in search of jobs. It had led to increase in demand for food grains in the towns. The war with France had also disrupted import of food grains. So the landowners enclosed lands to enhance food production.
(ii) These enclosures were created on a large scale. It swept through the countryside and changed the English landscape forever. Between 1750 and 1850, 6 million acres of land was enclosed.
(iii) The enclosure movement got support from the Parliament that passed 4,000 Acts legalising these enclosures.
(iv) The enclosure movement from the middle of eighteenth century proceeded very swiftly.
(a) The fact that makes the period after the 1780s different from any earlier period in English history was that in the earlier times, rapid population growth was often followed by a period of food shortages. Foodgrain production in the past had not expanded as rapidly as the population. On the otheRead more
(a) The fact that makes the period after the 1780s different from any earlier period in English history was that in the earlier times, rapid population growth was often followed by a period of food shortages. Foodgrain production in the past had not expanded as rapidly as the population. On the other hand, after the 1780s in England, the grain production grew as quickly as population. For example, even after the rapid increase of population, in 1868, England produced about 80 per cent of the food it consumed. Only about 20 per cent was imported.
(b) The causes of the above difference were as given below:
(i) After the 1780’s the increase in food grain production was made possible not by any radical innovations in agricultural technology. It was brought about by bringing new lands under cultivation.
(ii) Landlords sliced up pasturelands.
(iii) Landlords carved up open fields.
(iv) Landlords cut up forest commons.
(v) Landlords took over marshes and turned larger and larger areas into agricultural fields.
(vi) Enclosures were seen as necessity to make long term investments on land. The land- lords planned crops rotation to improve their soil.
(vii) It also allowed the rich land owners to expand the land under their control and produce more for the market.
(a) The factors for expansion of wheat production were as follows: (i) Growth in urban population. (ii) Bigger export market. (iii) Rising prices of wheat encouraged farmers to produce wheat. (iv) Spread of railways made it easy to transport grain to the eastern coast for export. (v) World War I andRead more
(a) The factors for expansion of wheat production were as follows:
(i) Growth in urban population.
(ii) Bigger export market.
(iii) Rising prices of wheat encouraged farmers to produce wheat.
(iv) Spread of railways made it easy to transport grain to the eastern coast for export.
(v) World War I and higher demand with boom in the market.
(vi) Russian supplies of wheat were cut off and USA had to feed Europe. US President Wilson called upon farmers to respond to the need of the time. “Plant more wheat, wheat will win the War”, he said.
(b) Effects : The area under wheat cultivation increased from 45 million acres of land in 1910 to 74 million acres nine years later. The increase was particularly in the Great Plains where some big farmers or wheat barons controlled as much as 2,000 to 3,000 acres of land individually.
Unwilling cultivators were made to produce opium through a system of advances. The poor peasants were given advances by their village headmen mahato to produce opium. Actually, they were government opium agents who were advancing the money to the headmen, who in turn gave it to the cultivators. By tRead more
Unwilling cultivators were made to produce opium through a system of advances. The poor peasants were given advances by their village headmen mahato to produce opium. Actually, they were government opium agents who were advancing the money to the headmen, who in turn gave it to the cultivators. By taking the loans, the cultivator was forced to grow opium on a specified area of land and handover the produce to the agents once the crop had been harvested. He had no option of planting the field with a crop of his choice or of selling his produce to anyone but the government agent. And he had to accept the low price offered for the produce
(a) The effects of the policy of the government were as follows:
(i) As the prices given to the peasants were so low that the peasants began agitating for higher prices and refused to take advances.
(ii) In regions around Benaras, cultivators began giving up opium cultivation. They
produced sugarcane and potatoes instead.
(iii) Many cultivators sold off their crop to travelling traders (pykars) who offered higher
prices.
(i) Tea trade and profits: In the late eighteenth century, the English East India Company was buying tea and silk from China for sale in England. with the passage of time tea became a popular drink in England. This resulted in increase of import of tea from 15 million pounds of tea in 1785 to 30 milRead more
(i) Tea trade and profits: In the late eighteenth century, the English East India
Company was buying tea and silk from China for sale in England. with the passage of time tea became a popular drink in England. This resulted in increase of import of tea from 15 million pounds of tea in 1785 to 30 million pounds in 1830. The profits of the company increased accordingly.
(ii) Policy of Chinese rulers and problem of payments : England was then producing
nothing that could he sold to China. At the same time Chinese rulers were suspicious of foreign merchants. They were afraid that the foreign merchants. would interfere in local politics and, therefore, did not allow the entry of foreign goods.
(ii) Opium trade: To maintain the balance of trade, the Britishers thought of trade in opium with China. The Portuguese had introduced opium into China in the sixteenth century. It was used for medicinal purposes. The Chinese were aware of the dangers of opium addiction and the Emperor had forbidden its production and sale. However, the western merchants began smuggling of opium into China. The smuggling increased from 10,000 crates in 1820s to over 35,000 crates in 1855. Thus, opium was taken from India to China and tea from China to England. England exported manufactured goods to India which exported raw materials to England. In this was the triangular trade between India, China and England was established.
Describe the differences between the enclosures of the 16th century and enclosures of the late 18th century in England.
The differences between the enclosures of the 16th century and enclosures of the late 18th century in England were as given below: 16th Century Enclosures:- (i) The sixteenth century enclosures promoted sheep farming because the price of wool had gone up in the world market and rich farmers wanted tRead more
The differences between the enclosures of the 16th century and enclosures of the late 18th century in England were as given below:
16th Century Enclosures:- (i) The sixteenth century enclosures promoted sheep farming because the price of wool had gone up in the world market and rich farmers wanted to expand wool production to earn profits. They were keen to improve their sheep breeds and ensure good feed for them. They aimed at having control over large areas of land in compact blocks to allow improved breeding.
See less(ii) These enclosures were usually created by individual landlords.
(iii) They did not get any support from the state or the Church.
(iv) The early enclosure movement proceeded very slowly till the middle of
the eighteenth century.
18th Century Enclosures:- (i) The 18th century enclosures were for increase in food production which was necessitated due to increase in population from 7 million in 1750 to 30 million in 1900. This was due to industrialisation that had resulted in the migration of population to towns in search of jobs. It had led to increase in demand for food grains in the towns. The war with France had also disrupted import of food grains. So the landowners enclosed lands to enhance food production.
(ii) These enclosures were created on a large scale. It swept through the countryside and changed the English landscape forever. Between 1750 and 1850, 6 million acres of land was enclosed.
(iii) The enclosure movement got support from the Parliament that passed 4,000 Acts legalising these enclosures.
(iv) The enclosure movement from the middle of eighteenth century proceeded very swiftly.
Describe the fact that makes the period after the 1780s different from any earlier period in English history. What were the causes of this difference?
(a) The fact that makes the period after the 1780s different from any earlier period in English history was that in the earlier times, rapid population growth was often followed by a period of food shortages. Foodgrain production in the past had not expanded as rapidly as the population. On the otheRead more
(a) The fact that makes the period after the 1780s different from any earlier period in English history was that in the earlier times, rapid population growth was often followed by a period of food shortages. Foodgrain production in the past had not expanded as rapidly as the population. On the other hand, after the 1780s in England, the grain production grew as quickly as population. For example, even after the rapid increase of population, in 1868, England produced about 80 per cent of the food it consumed. Only about 20 per cent was imported.
See less(b) The causes of the above difference were as given below:
(i) After the 1780’s the increase in food grain production was made possible not by any radical innovations in agricultural technology. It was brought about by bringing new lands under cultivation.
(ii) Landlords sliced up pasturelands.
(iii) Landlords carved up open fields.
(iv) Landlords cut up forest commons.
(v) Landlords took over marshes and turned larger and larger areas into agricultural fields.
(vi) Enclosures were seen as necessity to make long term investments on land. The land- lords planned crops rotation to improve their soil.
(vii) It also allowed the rich land owners to expand the land under their control and produce more for the market.
What were the which encouraged the farmers for a dramatic expansion of wheat production in the late nineteenth century in USA? What were its effects?
(a) The factors for expansion of wheat production were as follows: (i) Growth in urban population. (ii) Bigger export market. (iii) Rising prices of wheat encouraged farmers to produce wheat. (iv) Spread of railways made it easy to transport grain to the eastern coast for export. (v) World War I andRead more
(a) The factors for expansion of wheat production were as follows:
See less(i) Growth in urban population.
(ii) Bigger export market.
(iii) Rising prices of wheat encouraged farmers to produce wheat.
(iv) Spread of railways made it easy to transport grain to the eastern coast for export.
(v) World War I and higher demand with boom in the market.
(vi) Russian supplies of wheat were cut off and USA had to feed Europe. US President Wilson called upon farmers to respond to the need of the time. “Plant more wheat, wheat will win the War”, he said.
(b) Effects : The area under wheat cultivation increased from 45 million acres of land in 1910 to 74 million acres nine years later. The increase was particularly in the Great Plains where some big farmers or wheat barons controlled as much as 2,000 to 3,000 acres of land individually.
How were unwilling cultivators made to produce opium in India? What were the effects of the policy of the govt.?
Unwilling cultivators were made to produce opium through a system of advances. The poor peasants were given advances by their village headmen mahato to produce opium. Actually, they were government opium agents who were advancing the money to the headmen, who in turn gave it to the cultivators. By tRead more
Unwilling cultivators were made to produce opium through a system of advances. The poor peasants were given advances by their village headmen mahato to produce opium. Actually, they were government opium agents who were advancing the money to the headmen, who in turn gave it to the cultivators. By taking the loans, the cultivator was forced to grow opium on a specified area of land and handover the produce to the agents once the crop had been harvested. He had no option of planting the field with a crop of his choice or of selling his produce to anyone but the government agent. And he had to accept the low price offered for the produce
See less(a) The effects of the policy of the government were as follows:
(i) As the prices given to the peasants were so low that the peasants began agitating for higher prices and refused to take advances.
(ii) In regions around Benaras, cultivators began giving up opium cultivation. They
produced sugarcane and potatoes instead.
(iii) Many cultivators sold off their crop to travelling traders (pykars) who offered higher
prices.
Describe the factors leading to the triangular trade between India, China and England during the colonial period.
(i) Tea trade and profits: In the late eighteenth century, the English East India Company was buying tea and silk from China for sale in England. with the passage of time tea became a popular drink in England. This resulted in increase of import of tea from 15 million pounds of tea in 1785 to 30 milRead more
(i) Tea trade and profits: In the late eighteenth century, the English East India
See lessCompany was buying tea and silk from China for sale in England. with the passage of time tea became a popular drink in England. This resulted in increase of import of tea from 15 million pounds of tea in 1785 to 30 million pounds in 1830. The profits of the company increased accordingly.
(ii) Policy of Chinese rulers and problem of payments : England was then producing
nothing that could he sold to China. At the same time Chinese rulers were suspicious of foreign merchants. They were afraid that the foreign merchants. would interfere in local politics and, therefore, did not allow the entry of foreign goods.
(ii) Opium trade: To maintain the balance of trade, the Britishers thought of trade in opium with China. The Portuguese had introduced opium into China in the sixteenth century. It was used for medicinal purposes. The Chinese were aware of the dangers of opium addiction and the Emperor had forbidden its production and sale. However, the western merchants began smuggling of opium into China. The smuggling increased from 10,000 crates in 1820s to over 35,000 crates in 1855. Thus, opium was taken from India to China and tea from China to England. England exported manufactured goods to India which exported raw materials to England. In this was the triangular trade between India, China and England was established.