Equilibrium refers to a state where opposing forces or processes are balanced. In thermodynamics, it occurs when a system’s properties such as pressure, temperature and volume remain constant over time. A system is in mechanical, thermal, and chemical equilibrium when no net change occurs in its state.
Class 11 Physics Chapter 11 Thermodynamics focuses on the study of heat energy and its transformation into work. It includes the first and second laws of thermodynamics the concept of entropy work done by heat engines and the Carnot cycle. The chapter also covers specific heat capacities of gases and thermodynamic processes.