Gulbadan Begum (1523–1603), the daughter of Babur and half-sister of Humayun, wrote historical accounts during the Mughal period. Her work, the ‘Humayunama’, provides a valuable and intimate perspective, particularly detailing the reign of Humayun and giving insights into the Mughal ...
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Ustad Mansur was the greatest painter of birds and animals in the court of Emperor Jahangir. Jahangir, a keen naturalist, provided great patronage to Mansur, who excelled in realistic depictions. Mansur was awarded the title Nadir-ul-Asr (Wonder of the Age) ...
‘Anwar-i-Suhaili’ (Lights of Canopus) is the Persian translation of the ancient Indian Sanskrit collection of fables, the Panchatantra. The translation was commissioned during the reign of Emperor Akbar and was initially completed by Husain Ali Waiz Kashifi. It exemplifies the ...
The historian who labeled Akbar’s ‘Din-i-Ilahi’ a religion was Abdul Qadir Badauni. As an orthodox Muslim theologian and chronicler, Badauni was severely critical of Akbar’s syncretic policies, viewing the Din-i-Ilahi not as a philosophy but as a heretical new religion ...
Despite his orthodox policies, the Mughal army under Aurangzeb had the maximum number of Hindu generals (Mansabdars). This was a structural necessity for governing his vastly expanded empire, particularly due to the long, sustained military campaigns in the Deccan. The ...