The Moral Re-Armament Army (MRA) was considered a “counter-movement” because it sought to promote ethical values and moral integrity in opposition to the prevailing ideologies of the time, particularly communism, which focused on collective ownership and materialism. In chapter 6 of the Class 12 English textbook Poets and Pancakes, it is depicted that the MRA emphasized personal responsibility, spirituality, and the need for moral renewal, aiming to instill a sense of ethical consciousness among individuals. This ideological stance positioned the MRA as a response to the perceived shortcomings of materialistic ideologies, advocating for a return to fundamental human values and integrity. Their efforts to foster peace and understanding were seen as a direct challenge to the radical ideas of communism, thus framing the MRA as a movement that countered contemporary social and political narratives.