Who adopted a practical policy of revenue reform called ‘Rasm-e-Miyan’ (Middle Way) and ‘Tariq-e-Itdal’ (Sultan’s Way)?
The label Rasm-e-Miyan (the middle way) and Tariq-e-Itdal reflect a pragmatic fiscal policy of moderation attributed to Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, who aimed for balanced revenue measures — contrasting extremes — to stabilise agrarian productivity and state finances. ANSWER: (B) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
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Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (founder of the Tughlaq dynasty) is associated in some medieval chroniclers with a policy style termed Rasm-e-Miyan (the middle or moderate way) and Tariq-e-Itdal (the Sultan’s balanced way). These phrases indicate his preference for practical, moderate revenue measures designed to encourage cultivation while ensuring steady state income. Rather than harsh exactions or overly lax policies, this approach sought equilibrium in revenue extraction that would sustain the treasury without undermining agrarian productivity, marking a pragmatic administrative stance in the early Tughlaq period.