Which of the following refers to taxes levied on land produce? 1. Kharaj 2. Khums 3. Umar Muktai 4. Muktai
Taxes directly levied on agricultural produce included Kharaj, Umar Muktai and Muktai. Kharaj was the primary land tax imposed on non-Muslims. Umar Muktai and Muktai were additional forms of agrarian taxation. Khums, however, was a religious tax on war booty, not agricultural output. Therefore, options 1, 3 and 4 represent land-based taxes. ANSWER: (D) 1, 3 and 4
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During the Delhi Sultanate, several types of taxes were imposed on agricultural production. Kharaj was the most prominent land revenue tax, particularly applied to non-Muslim cultivators and contributed significantly to the state treasury. Umar Muktai and Muktai were additional agrarian levies collected from landholders or peasants depending on regional practices. These taxes ensured consistent revenue flow and supported the administrative and military machinery of the Sultanate. In contrast, Khums was not related to agriculture; it was an Islamic levy requiring one-fifth of war booty or mineral wealth to be given to the state. Hence, only Kharaj, Umar Muktai and Muktai qualify as land-produce taxes.
ANSWER: (D) 1, 3 and 4